A new method for continuous quality control of nsm cfrp systems

In the last decade the near-surface mounted (NSM) strengthening technique using carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) has been increasingly used to improve the load carrying capacity of concrete members. Compared to externally bonded reinforcement (EBR), the NSM system presents considerable advantages. This technique consists in the insertion of carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminate strips into pre-cut slits opened in the concrete cover of the elements to be strengthened. CFRP reinforcement is bonded to concrete with an appropriate groove filler, typically epoxy adhesive or cement grout. Up to now, research efforts have been mainly focused on several structural aspects, such as: bond behaviour, flexural and/or shear strengthening effectiveness, and energy dissipation capacity of beam-column joints. In such research works, as well as in field applications, the most widespread adhesives that are used to bond reinforcements to concrete are epoxy resins. It is largely accepted that the performance of the whole application of NSM systems strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the epoxy resins, for which proper curing conditions must be assured. Therefore, the existence of non-destructive methods that allow monitoring the curing process of epoxy resins in the NSM CFRP system is desirable, in view of obtaining continuous information that can provide indication in regard to the effectiveness of curing and the expectable bond behaviour of CFRP/adhesive/concrete systems. The experimental research was developed at the Laboratory of the Structural Division of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Minho in Guimar\~aes, Portugal (LEST). The main objective was to develop and propose a new method for continuous quality control of the curing of epoxy resins applied in NSM CFRP strengthening systems. This objective is pursued through the adaptation of an existing technique, termed EMM-ARM (Elasticity Modulus Monitoring through Ambient Response Method) that has been developed for monitoring the early stiffness evolution of cement-based materials. The experimental program was composed of two parts: (i) direct pull-out tests on concrete specimens strengthened with NSM CFRP laminate strips were conducted to assess the evolution of bond behaviour between CFRP and concrete since early ages; and, (ii) EMM-ARM tests were carried out for monitoring the progressive stiffness development of the structural adhesive used in CFRP applications. In order to verify the capability of the proposed method for evaluating the elastic modulus of the epoxy, static E-Modulus was determined through tension tests. The results of the two series of tests were then combined and compared to evaluate the possibility of implementation of a new method for the continuous monitoring and quality control of NSM CFRP applications.

Statistical methods for the analysis of DNA sequences: application to dinucleotide distribution in the human genome

Questa tesi si inserisce nell'ambito delle analisi statistiche e dei metodi stocastici applicati all'analisi delle sequenze di DNA. Nello specifico il nostro lavoro è incentrato sullo studio del dinucleotide CG (CpG) all'interno del genoma umano, che si trova raggruppato in zone specifiche denominate CpG islands. Queste sono legate alla metilazione del DNA, un processo che riveste un ruolo fondamentale nella regolazione genica. La prima parte dello studio è dedicata a una caratterizzazione globale del contenuto e della distribuzione dei 16 diversi dinucleotidi all'interno del genoma umano: in particolare viene studiata la distribuzione delle distanze tra occorrenze successive dello stesso dinucleotide lungo la sequenza. I risultati vengono confrontati con diversi modelli nulli: sequenze random generate con catene di Markov di ordine zero (basate sulle frequenze relative dei nucleotidi) e uno (basate sulle probabilità di transizione tra diversi nucleotidi) e la distribuzione geometrica per le distanze. Da questa analisi le proprietà caratteristiche del dinucleotide CpG emergono chiaramente, sia dal confronto con gli altri dinucleotidi che con i modelli random. A seguito di questa prima parte abbiamo scelto di concentrare le successive analisi in zone di interesse biologico, studiando l’abbondanza e la distribuzione di CpG al loro interno (CpG islands, promotori e Lamina Associated Domains). Nei primi due casi si osserva un forte arricchimento nel contenuto di CpG, e la distribuzione delle distanze è spostata verso valori inferiori, indicando che questo dinucleotide è clusterizzato. All’interno delle LADs si trovano mediamente meno CpG e questi presentano distanze maggiori. Infine abbiamo adottato una rappresentazione a random walk del DNA, costruita in base al posizionamento dei dinucleotidi: il walk ottenuto presenta caratteristiche drasticamente diverse all’interno e all’esterno di zone annotate come CpG island. Riteniamo pertanto che metodi basati su questo approccio potrebbero essere sfruttati per migliorare l’individuazione di queste aree di interesse nel genoma umano e di altri organismi.