Dinamica del fitoplancton in relazione alle variabili abiotiche con particolare attenzione alle specie dannose

Negli ultimi decenni nell’Alto Adriatico, in particolare lungo la costa dell’Emilia-Romagna, si sono verificati fenomeni eutrofici con lo svilupparsi di “red tides”, con frequenza e intensità tali da aver assunto un aspetto cronico. Da questi episodi è nata l’esigenza sia di un efficiente monitoraggio dell’area, che viene svolto dal 1976 dalla Struttura Oceanografica Daphne (ARPA), sia di ricercare e studiare i meccanismi che guidano il processo. Questa zona è sotto stretta osservazione anche nell’ambito Direttiva europea 2008/56/CE, Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), in quanto l’alto Adriatico rappresenta la zona maggiormente a rischio per i fenomeni di eutrofizzazione e di bloom algali. Il lavoro di questa tesi nasce dalla necessità di approfondire diversi aspetti sollevati dalla MSFD che non vengono soddisfatti da una normale attività di monitoraggio. La frequenza e l’enorme mole di dati raccolti spesso non permette nè di riunire insieme per un unico sito tutti i parametri biotici e abiotici indicativi dello stato dell’ambiente, né di fare elaborazioni statistiche approfondite. Per fare questo sono state condotte in due siti prospicienti la località di Marina di Ravenna (costa emiliano-romagnola): DIGA SUD e GEOMAR, distanti rispettivamente 1.5 Km e 12 Km dalla costa, analisi quali-quantitative dei popolamenti fitoplanctonici presenti e concomitanti analisi dei parametri chimico-fisici (nutrienti, temperatura e salinità) dell’acqua. Il campionamento bimensile è iniziato ad aprile del 2013 ed è terminato ad ottobre dello stesso anno. Dai dati ottenuti dalle suddette analisi, avvalendosi di diversi strumenti statistici, si è cercato di capire se c’è differenza fra i due siti oggetto di studio in termini di variabili abiotiche ambientali e di popolazione fitoplanctonica dovuta ad effetto geografico (distanza dalla costa). Inoltre si è cercato di individuare come le variabili ambientali vadano ad influenzare la distribuzione dei diversi taxa fitoplanctonici e di segnalare l’eventuale presenza di specie microalgali potenzialmente tossiche e/o dannose.

Bioconcentration of selected personal care products in Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam)

The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) is the principal source of information used to assess and regulate the potential hazard and risk for a chemical that has the potential to bioaccumulate in the marine environment, according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The main objective of this thesis was to estimate the BCFs of two different emerging contaminants in Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam) under controlled laboratory conditions: the UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) commonly used in skincare products, and the artificial sweetener Acesulfame potassium (ACE-K) used as a food additive. Ruditapes philippinarum organisms were exposed directly to 4-MBC and ACE-K nominal concentration of 1, 10 and 100 μg L-1 during 10 days. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were estimated according to 3 different models for both compounds. The 4-MBC estimated BCFs fall in range of 61553 - 539143 L Kg-1, showing that this compound is very bioaccumulative and could also undergo biomagnification in the marine food chain. On the contrary, estimated ACE-K BCF is consistently lower, in order of 7 L Kg-1 for the nominal exposure concentration of 100 μg L-1. The low ACE-K BCF could be explained by its high solubility in water and thus a rapid metabolization by clams during the experiments. In summary, future research focusing on the marine environment is needed on these two emerging compounds.

Potential effect of marine traffic on white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) distribution and behaviour in Faxaflói Bay, southwest Iceland

Faxaflói bay is a short, wide and shallow bay situated in the southwest of Iceland. Although hosting a rather high level of marine traffic, this area is inhabited by many different species of cetaceans, among which the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), found here all year-round. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of increasing marine traffic on white-beaked dolphins distribution and behaviour, and to determine whether or not a variation in sighting frequencies have occurred throughout years (2008 – 2014). Data on sightings and on behaviour, as well as photographic one, has been collected daily taking advantage of the whale-watching company “Elding” operating in the bay. Results have confirmed the importance of this area for white-beaked dolphins, which have shown a certain level of site fidelity. Despite the high level of marine traffic, this dolphin appears to tolerate the presence of boats: no differences in encounter durations and locations over the study years have occurred, even though with increasing number of vessels, an increase in avoidance strategies has been displayed. Furthermore, seasonal differences in probabilities of sightings, with respect to the time of the day, have been found, leading to suggest the existence of a daily cycle of their movements and activities within the bay. This study has also described a major decline in sighting rates throughout years raising concern about white-beaked dolphin conservation status in Icelandic waters. It is therefore highly recommended a new dedicated survey to be conducted in order to document the current population estimate, to better investigate on the energetic costs that chronic exposure to disturbances may cause, and to plan a more suitable conservation strategy for white-beaked dolphin around Iceland.