Tecniche di analisi statistica sull'attività di lobbying negli Stati Uniti usando il software R

La tesi fornisce una panoramica delle principali metodologie di analisi dei dati utilizzando il software open source R e l’ambiente di sviluppo integrato (IDE) RStudio. Viene effettuata un’analisi descrittiva e quantitativa dei dati GICS, tassonomia industriale che cataloga le principali aziende per il processo di gestione e ricerca degli asset di investimento. Sono stati studiati i principali settori del mercato USA considerando il fatturato, le spese per il lobbying e tre indici che misurano il grado di collegamento fra industrie. Su questi dati si sono svolte delle analisi quantitative e si sono tentati alcuni modelli nell’ambito della regressione lineare semplice e multipla. Tale studio ha il compito di verificare eventuali interazioni fra le variabili o pattern di comportamento strategico societario durante il periodo 2007 - 2012, anni di rinnovo e miglioramento delle regolamentazioni in materia di lobbying negli Stati Uniti. Più nello specifico vengono presi in esame tre settori: IT, Health Care e Industrial dove viene studiato l’andamento del reddito medio e la spesa media in attività di lobbying dei settori. I risultati ottenuti mostrano l’utilità dei pacchetti di R per l’analisi dei dati: vengono individuati alcuni andamenti che, se confermati da ulteriori e necessarie analisi, potrebbero essere interessanti per capire non solo i meccanismi impliciti nell’attività di lobbying ma anche comportamenti anomali legati a questa attività.

Seasonality and diel variation in blue whale D calls recorded in the Southern California Bight

Passive acoustic data have been collected using HARPs (High-frequency Acoustic Recording Packages) and were used to assess (1) the seasonality of blue whale D calls in the Southern California Bight, (2) their interannual abundance during 2007-2012 and (3) their diel variation. This goal has been achieved running the GPL (Generalized Power-Law) automated detector. (1) Blue whale D calls were detected in the Southern California Bight from May through November with a peak in July, even though few detections were from December to April as well. A key predictor for blue whale distribution and movement in the California Current region has been identified with zooplankton aggregations, paying a particular attention to those euphausiid species, such as E. pacifica and T. spinifera, which are blue whale favorite krill. The Southern California Bight experiences seasonal upwelling, resulting in an increase of productivity and prey availability. The summer and early fall have been marked as the most favorable periods. This supports the presence of blue whales in the area at that time, supposing these marine mammals exploit the region as a feeding ground. (2) As to the interannual abundance during 2007-2012, I found a large variability. I observed a great increase of vocalizations in 2007 and 2010, whereas a decrease was shown in the other years, which is well marked in 2009. It is my belief that these fluctuations in abundance of D calls detections through the deployed period are due to the alternation of El Nino and La Nina events, which occurred in those years. (3) The assessment of the daily timing of D calls production shows that D calls are more abundant during the day than during the night with a peak at 12:00 and 13:00. Assuming that D calling is associated with feeding, the daily pattern of D calls may be linked to the prey availability. E. pacifica and T. spinifera are among those species of krill which undertake daily vertical migrations, remaining at depth during the day and slowly coming up towards the surface at night. Because of some anatomical arrangements, these euphausiids are very sensitive to the light. Given that we believe D calls have a social function, I hypothesize that blue whales may recognize the hours at the highest solar incidence as the best moment of the day in terms of prey availability, exploiting this time window to advert their conspecifics.