Genetic and morphological variation and differentiation of Raja clavata populations in the European seas: marker development and preliminary data

In this study the population structure and connectivity of the Mediterranean and Atlantic Raja clavata (L., 1758) were investigated by analyzing the genetic variation of six population samples (N = 144) at seven nuclear microsatellite loci. The genetic dataset was generated by selecting population samples available in the tissue databases of the GenoDREAM laboratory (University of Bologna) and of the Department of Life Sciences and Environment (University of Cagliari), all collected during past scientific surveys (MEDITS, GRUND) from different geographical locations in the Mediterranean basin and North-east Atlantic sea, as North Sea, Sardinian coasts, Tuscany coasts and Cyprus Island. This thesis deals with to estimate the genetic diversity and differentiation among 6 geographical samples, in particular, to assess the presence of any barrier (geographic, hydrogeological or biological) to gene flow evaluating both the genetic diversity (nucleotide diversity, observed and expected heterozygosity, Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium analysis) and population differentiation (Fst estimates, population structure analysis). In addition to molecular analysis, quantitative representation and statistical analysis of morphological individuals shape are performed using geometric morphometrics methods and statistical tests. Geometric coordinates call landmarks are fixed in 158 individuals belonging to two population samples of Raja clavata and in population samples of closely related species, Raja straeleni (cryptic sibling) and Raja asterias, to assess significant morphological differences at multiple taxonomic levels. The results obtained from the analysis of the microsatellite dataset suggested a geographic and genetic separation between populations from Central-Western and Eastern Mediterranean basins. Furthermore, the analysis also showed that there was no separation between geographic samples from North Atlantic Ocean and central-Western Mediterranean, grouping them to a panmictic population. The Landmark-based geometric morphometry method results showed significant differences of body shape able to discriminate taxa at tested levels (from species to populations).

Development of in vitro methods to test acetabular prosthetic reconstructions (messa a punto di metodi in vitro per la caratterizzazione biomeccanica di ricostruzioni acetabolari)

The revision hip arthroplasty is a surgical procedure, consisting in the reconstruction of the hip joint through the replacement of the damaged hip prosthesis. Several factors may give raise to the failure of the artificial device: aseptic loosening, infection and dislocation represent the principal causes of failure worldwide. The main effect is the raise of bone defects in the region closest to the prosthesis that weaken the bone structure for the biological fixation of the new artificial hip. For this reason bone reconstruction is necessary before the surgical revision operation. This work is born by the necessity to test the effects of bone reconstruction due to particular bone defects in the acetabulum, after the hip prosthesis revision. In order to perform biomechanical in vitro tests on hip prosthesis implanted in human pelvis or hemipelvis a practical definition of a reference frame for these kind of bone specimens is required. The aim of the current study is to create a repeatable protocol to align hemipelvic samples in the testing machine, that relies on a reference system based on anatomical landmarks on the human pelvis. In chapter 1 a general overview of the human pelvic bone is presented: anatomy, bone structure, loads and the principal devices for hip joint replacement. The purpose of chapters 2 is to identify the most common causes of the revision hip arthroplasty, analysing data from the most reliable orthopaedic registries in the world. Chapter 3 presents an overview of the most used classifications for acetabular bone defects and fractures and the most common techniques for acetabular and bone reconstruction. After a critical review of the scientific literature about reference frames for human pelvis, in chapter 4, the definition of a new reference frame is proposed. Based on this reference frame, the alignment protocol for the human hemipelvis is presented as well as the statistical analysis that confirm the good repeatability of the method.

Modellazione muscoloscheletrica subject-specific: applicazione a casi clinici e analisi delle incertezze

Lo sviluppo sistematico di modelli subject-specific computerizzati per l’analisi di trattamenti personalizzati è attualmente una realtà. Infatti di recente sono state sviluppate molte tecnologie per la creazione di modelli virtuali ad elementi finiti, che ricreano accuratamente le geometrie specifiche del soggetto e tutte le proprietà fondamentali per ricreare le capacità motorie, basandosi su analisi d’immagine quantitative. Tuttavia, per determinare le forze agenti sul sistema, necessitiamo di una intera analisi di cammino, solitamente in combinazione con uno studio di simulazione di dinamica inversa. In questo elaborato, mi propongo di illustrare i procedimenti per creare un modello subject-specific partendo da dati di imaging (da tomografie computerizzate) di un paziente reale affetto da displasia congenita dell’anca, e gli strumenti che ci permettono di effettuare le simulazioni del modello, al fine di ottenere informazioni quantitative circa le grandezze che governano la dinamica del cammino del paziente. Il corpi rigidi del modello scheletrico saranno costruiti mediante la tecnica della segmentazione 3D, e verranno utilizzati per costruire un sistema articolato dotato di attuatori muscolo-tendinei e giunti articolari a due o tre gradi di libertà. Per conseguire questo obiettivo si farà uso del software, “NMSBuilder”, per poi inserirlo in un programma di simulazione di dinamica del movimento, “OpenSim”, che ci permetterà di calcolare forze muscolari, forze di contatto e momenti articolari del modello. Questi risultati saranno di fondamentale importanza per studiare riabilitazioni ad hoc per pazienti affetti da DCA che devono essere sottoposti ad artroprotesi totale. Lo scopo di questo studio sarà anche quello di analizzare la sensibilità delle previsioni dei modelli specifici durante la deambulazione tenendo conto delle incertezze nell'identificazione delle posizioni dei body-landmarks, della massima tensione muscolare e della geometria muscolo-tendinea.