Mitigating non-Lambertian surfaces issues in Stereo Matching with Neural Radiance Fields

Depth estimation from images has long been regarded as a preferable alternative compared to expensive and intrusive active sensors, such as LiDAR and ToF. The topic has attracted the attention of an increasingly wide audience thanks to the great amount of application domains, such as autonomous driving, robotic navigation and 3D reconstruction. Among the various techniques employed for depth estimation, stereo matching is one of the most widespread, owing to its robustness, speed and simplicity in setup. Recent developments has been aided by the abundance of annotated stereo images, which granted to deep learning the opportunity to thrive in a research area where deep networks can reach state-of-the-art sub-pixel precision in most cases. Despite the recent findings, stereo matching still begets many open challenges, two among them being finding pixel correspondences in presence of objects that exhibits a non-Lambertian behaviour and processing high-resolution images. Recently, a novel dataset named Booster, which contains high-resolution stereo pairs featuring a large collection of labeled non-Lambertian objects, has been released. The work shown that training state-of-the-art deep neural network on such data improves the generalization capabilities of these networks also in presence of non-Lambertian surfaces. Regardless being a further step to tackle the aforementioned challenge, Booster includes a rather small number of annotated images, and thus cannot satisfy the intensive training requirements of deep learning. This thesis work aims to investigate novel view synthesis techniques to augment the Booster dataset, with ultimate goal of improving stereo matching reliability in presence of high-resolution images that displays non-Lambertian surfaces.

Efficiency limits for silicon/perovskite tandem solar cells: a theoretical model

The primary goal of this work is related to the extension of an analytic electro-optical model. It will be used to describe single-junction crystalline silicon solar cells and a silicon/perovskite tandem solar cell in the presence of light-trapping in order to calculate efficiency limits for such a device. In particular, our tandem system is composed by crystalline silicon and a perovskite structure material: metilammoniumleadtriiodide (MALI). Perovskite are among the most convenient materials for photovoltaics thanks to their reduced cost and increasing efficiencies. Solar cell efficiencies of devices using these materials increased from 3.8% in 2009 to a certified 20.1% in 2014 making this the fastest-advancing solar technology to date. Moreover, texturization increases the amount of light which can be absorbed through an active layer. Using Green’s formalism it is possible to calculate the photogeneration rate of a single-layer structure with Lambertian light trapping analytically. In this work we go further: we study the optical coupling between the two cells in our tandem system in order to calculate the photogeneration rate of the whole structure. We also model the electronic part of such a device by considering the perovskite top cell as an ideal diode and solving the drift-diffusion equation with appropriate boundary conditions for the silicon bottom cell. We have a four terminal structure, so our tandem system is totally unconstrained. Then we calculate the efficiency limits of our tandem including several recombination mechanisms such as Auger, SRH and surface recombination. We focus also on the dependence of the results on the band gap of the perovskite and we calculare an optimal band gap to optimize the tandem efficiency. The whole work has been continuously supported by a numerical validation of out analytic model against Silvaco ATLAS which solves drift-diffusion equations using a finite elements method. Our goal is to develop a simpler and cheaper, but accurate model to study such devices.

Metodologie di Corrispondenza Stereo Basate su Deep Learning per Superfici Altamente Riflettenti e Trasparenti: Dataset e Architettura

Nell’ambito della Stereo Vision, settore della Computer Vision, partendo da coppie di immagini RGB, si cerca di ricostruire la profondità della scena. La maggior parte degli algoritmi utilizzati per questo compito ipotizzano che tutte le superfici presenti nella scena siano lambertiane. Quando sono presenti superfici non lambertiane (riflettenti o trasparenti), gli algoritmi stereo esistenti sbagliano la predizione della profondità. Per risolvere questo problema, durante l’esperienza di tirocinio, si è realizzato un dataset contenente oggetti trasparenti e riflettenti che sono la base per l’allenamento della rete. Agli oggetti presenti nelle scene sono associate annotazioni 3D usate per allenare la rete. Invece, nel seguente lavoro di tesi, utilizzando l’algoritmo RAFT-Stereo [1], rete allo stato dell’arte per la stereo vision, si analizza come la rete modifica le sue prestazioni (predizione della disparità) se al suo interno viene inserito un modulo per la segmentazione semantica degli oggetti. Si introduce questo layer aggiuntivo perché, trovare la corrispondenza tra due punti appartenenti a superfici lambertiane, risulta essere molto complesso per una normale rete. Si vuole utilizzare l’informazione semantica per riconoscere questi tipi di superfici e così migliorarne la disparità. È stata scelta questa architettura neurale in quanto, durante l’esperienza di tirocinio riguardante la creazione del dataset Booster [2], è risultata la migliore su questo dataset. L’obiettivo ultimo di questo lavoro è vedere se il riconoscimento di superfici non lambertiane, da parte del modulo semantico, influenza la predizione della disparità migliorandola. Nell’ambito della stereo vision, gli elementi riflettenti e trasparenti risultano estremamente complessi da analizzare, ma restano tuttora oggetto di studio dati gli svariati settori di applicazione come la guida autonoma e la robotica.

Depth Estimation in Stereo Biomedical Images via Proxy-Supervised Deep Learning

In order to estimate depth through supervised deep learning-based stereo methods, it is necessary to have access to precise ground truth depth data. While the gathering of precise labels is commonly tackled by deploying depth sensors, this is not always a viable solution. For instance, in many applications in the biomedical domain, the choice of sensors capable of sensing depth at small distances with high precision on difficult surfaces (that present non-Lambertian properties) is very limited. It is therefore necessary to find alternative techniques to gather ground truth data without having to rely on external sensors. In this thesis, two different approaches have been tested to produce supervision data for biomedical images. The first aims to obtain input stereo image pairs and disparities through simulation in a virtual environment, while the second relies on a non-learned disparity estimation algorithm in order to produce noisy disparities, which are then filtered by means of hand-crafted confidence measures to create noisy labels for a subset of pixels. Among the two, the second approach, which is referred in literature as proxy-labeling, has shown the best results and has even outperformed the non-learned disparity estimation algorithm used for supervision.