Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Studio dell'ammonossidazione in fase gas di etanolo ad acetonitrile

Lo sviluppo di nuovi processi per la chimica industriale vede come fulcro della ricerca l’armonizzazione tra gli aspetti economici, sociali, ambientali e quelli relativi alla sicurezza; questi ultimi incidono profondamente sull’approccio scientifico indirizzando il chimico moderno verso una chimica focalizzata sulla catalisi e sulla manipolazione di sostanze con basso pericolo intrinseco. Un esempio di obbiettivo da perseguire è quindi lo studio, l’ottimizzazione e la messa in opera di processi che utilizzino bioetanolo come “building-block” per la sintesi di intermedi, quali per esempio acetonitrile, attualmente ottenuto principalmente come sottoprodotto della sintesi industriale dell’acrilonitrile. Il lavoro di tesi, che ha visto coinvolta la mia partecipazione, ha permesso di evidenziare gli aspetti positivi, nonché quelli critici nella reazione di sintesi di acetonitrile mediante ammonossidazione in fase gas a partire da etanolo, in cui come catalizzatore modello è stato utilizzato pirofosfato di vanadile. Investigando il contributo apportato dai vari componenti della miscela di reazione, dei parametri operativi, quali temperatura e tempo di contatto, è stato possibile studiare la reazione in ogni suo aspetto mettendo in evidenza anche i limiti derivanti dall’utilizzo di questo particolare sistema catalitico.

Synthesis and functionalization of a lactam-pyrazole molecular scaffold as a promising anticancer compound

The importance of pyrazole and lactam-based molecules in medical and pharmaceutical fields is underlined by the multitude of active ingredients on trade, such as Sildenafil or Apixaban, by Pfizer. In this work, a synthesis of an organic molecule with promising anticancer activity has been developed. This molecular scaffold is characterized by a δ-lactam-fused pyrazolic core, with a well-known biological activity and amenable of further functionalization. The synthetic strategy adopted for the obtainment of the core was based on a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a nitrilimine with an α,β-unsaturated δ-lactam. Secondly, in order to give the final compound an elevated pharmacological activity, a functionalization with a double “side chain”, namely molecular fragment able to improve the interaction with particular biological receptors, was achieved. The target compound was thus obtained, with a highly convergent synthesis, and will be tested for antiproliferative activities towards different cellular lines.

In vivo and in vitro effects of genistein as obesogenic/anti-obesogenic compound in the lipid metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Nowadays, soy is one of the most used ingredients in the formulation of fish feed, due to the ample market supply, lower market price, high protein concentration and favorable amino acid composition. Nevertheless, soybean meal products are rich and primary diet source of phytoestrogens, as genistein, which may have a potential negative impact on growth, hormonal regulation and lipid metabolism in fish. The principal aim of this study was to better understand in vivo and in vitro genistein’s effects on lipid metabolism of rainbow trout. In adipose tissue it was showed an unclear role of genistein on lipid metabolism in rainbow trout, and in liver an anti-obesogenic effect, with an up-regulation of autophagy-related genes LC3b (in adipose tissue) and ATG4b (in liver and adipose tissue), a down-regulation of apoptosis-related genes CASP3 (in adipose tissue) and CASP8 (in liver). An increase of VTG mRNA levels in liver was also observed. Genistein partially exerted these effects via estrogen- receptor dependent mechanism. In white muscle, genistein seemed to promote lipid turnover, up-regulating lipogenic (FAS and LXR) and lipolytic (HSL, PPARα and PPARβ) genes. It seemed that genistein could exert its lipolytic role via autophagic way (up-regulation of ATG4b and ATG12l), not through an apoptotic pathway (down-regulation of CASP3). The effects of genistein on lipid-metabolism and apoptosis-related genes in trout muscle were not dose-dependent, only on autophagy-related genes ATG4B and ATG12l. Moreover, a partial estrogenic activity of this phytoestrogen was also seen. Through in vitro analysis (MTT and ORO assay), instead, it was observed an anti-obesogenic effect of genistein on rainbow trout adipocytes, and this effect was not mediated by ERs. Both in vivo and in vitro, genistein exerted its effects in a dose-dependent manner.

Analisi del ciclo di lavorazione di un compound polimerico

La tesi riguarda il ciclo di lavorazione di un compound polimerico realizzato dall'impresa forlivese So.F.Ter. . Il prodotto in esame, Polifor E 30 TR/20 UV Nero, è un tecnopolimero a base di polipropilene utilizzato nel settore dell'automobile per la realizzazione del fascione sottoporta e del passaruota. La tesi si sviluppa su tre capitoli attraverso i quali si descrivono, nel primo capitolo, le materie plastiche in generale e i prodotti realizzati dall'impresa, nel secondo capitolo il ciclo di lavorazione completo partendo dalla fase di miscelazione arrivando all'estrusione e al taglio nei granuli plastici. Infine nel terzo capitolo si rappresentano le analisi fisiche, meccaniche e termiche realizzate in laboratorio.

Studio delle proprietà reometriche di compound a matrice poliolefinica espandibile e reticolabile e ricerca di possibili correlazioni con il coefficiente di espansione

Il compound a matrice poliolefinica studiato è un materiale espandibile e reticolabile, usato per la produzione di manufatti espansi a celle chiuse mediante stampaggio ad iniezione. In questo progetto di tesi il compound viene studiato dal punto di vista reologico, per cercare di prevedere il grado di espansione del manufatto stampato. La correlazione tra l’analisi reometrica e il coefficiente di espansione del manufatto finale potrebbe essere sfruttata per un controllo di qualità del materiale, permettendo così di prevedere il comportamento e le dimensioni finali del manufatto prima dello stampaggio. Lo scopo dello studio è quello di prevedere le dimensioni del manufatto finale partendo da un campione derivante dai granuli del compound a matrice poliolefinica. La prima parte dello studio si concentra sull’analisi del materiale in condizioni ideali, cioè campioni che contengono solo agente reticolante e campioni che contengono esclusivamente agente espandente, valutando l’influenza di questi additivi singolarmente. La seconda parte si concentra sull’analisi del materiale in condizioni reali, co-presenza di reticolante ed espandente, e sulla ricerca di una correlazione tra le analisi reometriche e il coefficiente di espansione. L’ultima parte dello studio si focalizza sull’applicazione di un metodo di previsione lineare delle dimensioni di manufatti stampati, partendo da mescole incognite. Le tecniche di analisi impiegate spaziano da quelle termogravimetriche (TGA), calorimetriche (DSC) a quelle reometriche sui provini derivanti dai granuli, mentre sui campioni stampati sono state eseguite prove dimensionali, prove di densità, prove di durezza (SHORE A e Ascker C) e prove di abrasione.

Parametrizzazione e validazione di campi di forza polarizzabili per l'acetonitrile

Il perfezionamento dei campi di forza in meccanica molecolare, necessario per migliorare l’accuratezza della modellazione classica di materiali, è un procedimento dispendioso. L’accuratezza dei campi di forza è tuttavia la chiave per la predizione affidabile di proprietà chimico-fisiche dalle simulazioni MD. A questo scopo, risulta importante l’inclusione esplicita della polarizzazione, trascurata nei campi di forze tradizionali. Il modello dell’oscillatore di Drude rappresenta una soluzione computazionalmente conveniente ed è implementato in diversi software di simulazione. In questo modello, la polarizzazione atomica è resa dall’introduzione di una particella carica e di massa ridotta, ancorata all’atomo polarizzabile. In questo lavoro di tesi abbiamo sviluppato una procedura per ottenere un campo di forza polarizzabile per molecole organiche in fase liquida, prendendo in esame un solvente polare molto comune: l’acetonitrile. Il nostro approccio si serve di calcoli quantomeccanici preliminari per la determinazione dei valori di riferimento di alcune proprietà molecolari: le cariche parziali atomiche, il momento di dipolo e la polarizzabilità. A questi calcoli seguono due fasi di parametrizzazione basate su algoritmi di minimizzazione. La prima fase riguarda la parametrizzazione delle polarizzabilità atomiche descritte con il modello di Drude e ha come scopo la riproduzione della polarizzabilità molecolare quantomeccanica. Nella seconda fase, si sono ottimizzati i parametri del potenziale Lennard-Jones in modo da riprodurre la densità sperimentale a temperatura e pressione ambiente, ottenendo diverse parametrizzazioni del campo di forza polarizzabile. Infine, queste parametrizzazioni sono state confrontate sulla base della loro capacità di riprodurre alcune proprietà di bulk, quali entalpia di vaporizzazione, costante dielettrica, coefficiente di diffusione e specifiche funzioni di distribuzione radiale.