Comparison of radiobiological effects induced by ultra-high and standard dose rate of x-rays on a radio-resistant cell line

Radiotherapy (RT) has recently evolved with the emergence of heavy ion radiations or new fractionation schemes of photon therapy, which modify the dose rate of treatment delivery. The aim of the present study was then to evaluate the in vitro influence of a ultra-high dose rate comparing them with standard dose rate. In this regard, a radioresistant SK-MEL-28 cell line were irradiated with x-ray in order to have a total dose of 2 and 4 Gy, at two different dose rate. The ultra-high dose rate is a specific property of the dense plasma focus (DPF) device, which has pulsed operation and thus gives short and highly energetic pulses of multiple types of rays and particles, in this case, we focused our study on the influence of X-rays. While a low dose rate is obtained with conventional X-ray tube. In this study it results that a ultra-high dose rate enhances radiosensitivity of melanoma cells while reducing the adhesion, proliferation and migration ability of cells.

Pavement and alignment design of a new rural road in the province of Bologna

This thesis aims to give a general view of pavement types all over the world, by showing the different characteristics of each one and its different life steps starting from construction, passing by maintenance and arriving until recycling phase. The flexible pavement took the main part of this work because it has been used in the last part of this thesis to design a project of a rural road. This project is located in the province of Bologna-Italy (‘Comune di Argelato’, 26 km in the north of Bologna), and has 5677, 81 m of length. A pavement design was made using the program BISAR 3.0 and a fatigue life study was made, also, in order to estimate the number of loads (in terms of heavy vehicles axle) to cause road’s failure . An alignment design was made for this project and a safety study was established in order to check if the available sight distance at curves respects the safety norms or not, by comparing it to the stopping sight distance. Different technical sheets are demonstrated and several cases are discussed in order to clarify the main design principles and underline the main hazardous cases to be avoided especially at intersection. This latter, its type’s choice depends on several factors in order to make the suitable design according to the environmental data. At this part of the road, the safety is a primordial point due to the high accident rate in this zone. For this reason, different safety aspects are discussed especially at roundabouts, signalized intersections, and also some other common intersection types. The design and the safety norms are taken with reference to AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), ACT (Transportation Association of Canada), and also according to Italian norms (Decreto Ministeriale delle Starde).

Procedural and dosimetric aspects in peripheral angiography using CO2 as contrast medium

Lo scopo di questa tesi è lo studio degli aspetti procedurali e dosimetrici in angiografie periferiche che utilizzano la CO2 come mezzo di contrasto. La tecnica angiografica consiste nell’imaging radiologico di vasi sanguigni tramite l’iniezione di un mezzo di contrasto, e il suo uso è in costante incremento a causa dell’aumento di pazienti con malattie vascolari. I mezzi di contrasto iodati sono i più comunemente utilizzati e permettono di ottenere immagini di ottima qualità, ma presentano il limite di una elevata nefrotossicità. La CO2 è considerata un’interessante alternativa al mezzo iodato, per la sua acclarata biocompatibilità, soprattutto per pazienti con elevati fattori di rischio (diabete e/o insufficienza renale). Il suo utilizzo presenta comunque alcuni aspetti problematici, dovuti allo stato gassoso e al basso contrasto intrinseco rispetto alla soluzione iodata. Per quest’ultimo motivo si ritiene generalmente che l’utilizzo della CO2 comporti un aumento di dose rispetto ai mezzi di contrasto tradizionali. Il nostro studio, effettuato su diversi apparati radiologici, ha dimostrato che i parametri di emissione radiologica sono gli stessi per i protocolli di angiografia tradizionale, con iodio, e quelli che utilizzano CO2. Questa evidenza suggerisce che i protocolli CO2 operino solo sul trattamento delle immagini ottenute e non sulla modalità di acquisizione, e dal punto di vista dosimetrico l’angiografia con CO2 è riconducibile all’angiografia tradizionale. L’unico fattore che potrebbe portare a un effettivo incremento di dose al paziente è un allungamento dei tempi di scopia e di procedura, che andrebbe verificato con una campagna di misure in ambito clinico. Sulla base della stessa evidenza, si ritiene che la visualizzazione della CO2 possa essere ulteriormente migliorata attraverso l’ottimizzazione dei parametri di emissione radiologica (kVp, frame rate e durata degli impulsi) attualmente predisposti per l’uso di mezzi di contrasto iodati.

Gamification

Nowadays games are so popular that they have become an important part of our lives. Inspired by the motivational properties of games, some scholars made the proposal of applying game mechanics and elements into other fields thus emerged the concept of “Gamification”, along with various other popular concepts for the realization of the application. The effectiveness of gamification in improving user engagement and changing behaviors is demonstrated not only in theory but also in practice. This thesis aims to introduce the related concepts of gamification and the gamification design framework. In addition, this thesis introduces also the concept of MOOCs and the challenges faced by MOOCs platforms. Some of those challenges such as high dropout rate and low participation rate could be solved by gamification. Through creating a more interesting game experience and consequently fostering user motivation, high engagement will be ensured. Following this logic, this thesis explores how to use gamification on MOOCs platform to improve user engagement and the corresponding impacts. Despite of the lack of a quantitative analysis of the effects of gamification on MOOCs platform, the facts found and observed in this thesis support the effectiveness of gamification in improving user engagement on MOOCs platforms.