Simulation of visible light communications in vehicular networks

The rapid development in the field of lighting and illumination allows low energy consumption and a rapid growth in the use, and development of solid-state sources. As the efficiency of these devices increases and their cost decreases there are predictions that they will become the dominant source for general illumination in the short term. The objective of this thesis is to study, through extensive simulations in realistic scenarios, the feasibility and exploitation of visible light communication (VLC) for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) applications. A brief introduction will introduce the new scenario of smart cities in which visible light communication will become a fundamental enabling technology for the future communication systems. Specifically, this thesis focus on the acquisition of several, frequent, and small data packets from vehicles, exploited as sensors of the environment. The use of vehicles as sensors is a new paradigm to enable an efficient environment monitoring and an improved traffic management. In most cases, the sensed information must be collected at a remote control centre and one of the most challenging aspects is the uplink acquisition of data from vehicles. My thesis discusses the opportunity to take advantage of short range vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-roadside (V2R) communications to offload the cellular networks. More specifically, it discusses the system design and assesses the obtainable cellular resource saving, by considering the impact of the percentage of vehicles equipped with short range communication devices, of the number of deployed road side units, and of the adopted routing protocol. When short range communications are concerned, WAVE/IEEE 802.11p is considered as standard for VANETs. Its use together with VLC will be considered in urban vehicular scenarios to let vehicles communicate without involving the cellular network. The study is conducted by simulation, considering both a simulation platform (SHINE, simulation platform for heterogeneous interworking networks) developed within the Wireless communication Laboratory (Wilab) of the University of Bologna and CNR, and network simulator (NS3). trying to realistically represent all the wireless network communication aspects. Specifically, simulation of vehicular system was performed and introduced in ns-3, creating a new module for the simulator. This module will help to study VLC applications in VANETs. Final observations would enhance and encourage potential research in the area and optimize performance of VLC systems applications in the future.

Design methods and geometric modelling of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Every year, thousand of surgical treatments are performed in order to fix up or completely substitute, where possible, organs or tissues affected by degenerative diseases. Patients with these kind of illnesses stay long times waiting for a donor that could replace, in a short time, the damaged organ or the tissue. The lack of biological alternates, related to conventional surgical treatments as autografts, allografts, e xenografts, led the researchers belonging to different areas to collaborate to find out innovative solutions. This research brought to a new discipline able to merge molecular biology, biomaterial, engineering, biomechanics and, recently, design and architecture knowledges. This discipline is named Tissue Engineering (TE) and it represents a step forward towards the substitutive or regenerative medicine. One of the major challenge of the TE is to design and develop, using a biomimetic approach, an artificial 3D anatomy scaffold, suitable for cells adhesion that are able to proliferate and differentiate themselves as consequence of the biological and biophysical stimulus offered by the specific tissue to be replaced. Nowadays, powerful instruments allow to perform analysis day by day more accurateand defined on patients that need more precise diagnosis and treatments.Starting from patient specific information provided by TC (Computed Tomography) microCT and MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging), an image-based approach can be performed in order to reconstruct the site to be replaced. With the aid of the recent Additive Manufacturing techniques that allow to print tridimensional objects with sub millimetric precision, it is now possible to practice an almost complete control of the parametrical characteristics of the scaffold: this is the way to achieve a correct cellular regeneration. In this work, we focalize the attention on a branch of TE known as Bone TE, whose the bone is main subject. Bone TE combines osteoconductive and morphological aspects of the scaffold, whose main properties are pore diameter, structure porosity and interconnectivity. The realization of the ideal values of these parameters represents the main goal of this work: here we'll a create simple and interactive biomimetic design process based on 3D CAD modeling and generative algorithmsthat provide a way to control the main properties and to create a structure morphologically similar to the cancellous bone. Two different typologies of scaffold will be compared: the first is based on Triply Periodic MinimalSurface (T.P.M.S.) whose basic crystalline geometries are nowadays used for Bone TE scaffolding; the second is based on using Voronoi's diagrams and they are more often used in the design of decorations and jewellery for their capacity to decompose and tasselate a volumetric space using an heterogeneous spatial distribution (often frequent in nature). In this work, we will show how to manipulate the main properties (pore diameter, structure porosity and interconnectivity) of the design TE oriented scaffolding using the implementation of generative algorithms: "bringing back the nature to the nature".

A 2-dimensional computational model to analyze the effects of cellular heterogeinity on cardiac pacemaking

The mechanical action of the heart is made possible in response to electrical events that involve the cardiac cells, a property that classifies the heart tissue between the excitable tissues. At the cellular level, the electrical event is the signal that triggers the mechanical contraction, inducing a transient increase in intracellular calcium which, in turn, carries the message of contraction to the contractile proteins of the cell. The primary goal of my project was to implement in CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture, an hardware architecture for parallel processing created by NVIDIA) a tissue model of the rabbit sinoatrial node to evaluate the heterogeneity of its structure and how that variability influences the behavior of the cells. In particular, each cell has an intrinsic discharge frequency, thus different from that of every other cell of the tissue and it is interesting to study the process of synchronization of the cells and look at the value of the last discharge frequency if they synchronized.

The wind profile in the atmospheric stable boundary layer over complex terrain and heterogeneous surfaces: limitations of local similarity theory

L'indagine ha riguardato il profilo del vento nei primi 30 metri dello strato limite atmosferico stabile nell'ambito della teoria di similarità locale. Ad oggi, diversi esperimenti hanno confermato la validità della teoria per strati-limite su terreni livellati e superfici omogenee. Tali condizioni ideali sono però infrequenti nella realtà ed è perciò importante capire quali siano i limiti della similarità locale per strati-limite su terreni complessi e superfici disomogenee. Entrambe le condizioni sono presenti a Ny-Alesund (Svalbard, Norvegia) dove il Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), nel 2009, ha installato una torre di 30 m, la Amudsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower (CCT), per lo studio dello strato-limite artico. Il lavoro di tesi ha riguardato misure di vento e turbolenza acquisite sulla CCT da maggio 2012 a maggio 2014. Il confronto tra le velocità del vento misurate dagli anemometri installati sulla CCT, ha rivelato criticità nel dato sonico manifestatesi con sovrastime sistematiche e maggiore erraticità rispetto alle misure provenienti dagli anemometri a elica. Un test condotto fra diversi metodi per il calcolo dei gradienti verticali della velocità del vento ha rivelato scarsa sensibilità dei risultati ottenuti al particolare metodo utilizzato. Lo studio ha riguardato i gradienti verticali adimensionali della velocità del vento nei primi 30-m dello strato limite stabile. Deviazioni significative tra i tra le osservazioni e i valori predetti dalla similarità locale sono state osservate in particolare per i livelli più distanti dal suolo e per valori crescenti del parametro di stabilità z/L (L, lunghezza di Obukhov locale). In particolare, si sono osservati gradienti adimensionali inferiori a quelli predetti dalle più usate relazioni di flusso-gradiente. Tali deviazioni, presenti perlopiù per z/L>0.1, sono state associate ad un effetto di accentuazione della turbolenza da parte delle irregolarità del terreno. Per condizioni meno stabili, z/L<0.1, scarti positivi tra i gradienti osservati e quelli attesi sono stati attribuiti alla formazione di strati limite interni in condizioni di vento dal mare verso la costa. Sono stati proposti diversi metodi per la stima dell'effetto della self-correlazione nella derivazione delle relazioni di flusso-gradiente, dovuta alla condivisione della variabile u*. La formula per il coefficiente lineare di self correlazione e le sue distribuzioni di probabilità empiriche sono state derivate e hanno permesso di stimare il livello di self-correlazione presente nel dataset considerato.