Valutazione dell'eco-sostenibilità di un impianto di digestione anaerobica cogenerativo e ipotesi di conversione impiantistica per la produzione di biometano

Considerando l'elevato grado di inquinamento del pianeta e la forte dipendenza delle attività antropiche dai combustibili fossili, stanno avendo notevole sviluppo e incentivazione gli impianti per la produzione di energia elettrica da fonti rinnovabili. In particolare, la digestione anaerobica è in grande diffusione in Italia. Lo studio in oggetto si prefigge l'obiettivo di determinare, mediante analisi di Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), i carichi ambientali di un impianto di digestione anaerobica, e della sua filiera, per valutarne l'effettiva ecosostenibilità. L'analisi considera anche gli impatti evitati grazie all'immissione in rete dell'energia elettrica prodotta e all'utilizzo del digestato in sostituzione dell'urea. Lo studio analizza sei categorie d'impatto: Global warming potential (GWP), Abiotic depletion potential (ADP), Acidification potential (AP), Eutrophication potential (EP), Ozone layer depletion potential (ODP) e Photochemical oxidant formation potential (POFP). I valori assoluti degli impatti sono stati oggetto anche di normalizzazione per stabilire la loro magnitudo. Inoltre, è stata effettuata un'analisi di sensitività per investigare le variazioni degli impatti ambientali in base alla sostituzione di differenti tecnologie per la produzione di energia elettrica: mix elettrico italiano, carbone e idroelettrico. Infine, sono stati analizzati due scenari alternativi all'impianto in esame che ipotizzano la sua conversione ad impianto per l'upgrading del biogas a biometano. I risultati mostrano, per lo scenario di riferimento (produzione di biogas), un guadagno, in termini ambientali, per il GWP, l'ADP e il POFP a causa dei notevoli impatti causati dalla produzione di energia elettrica da mix italiano che la filiera esaminata va a sostituire. I risultati evidenziano anche quanto gli impatti ambientali varino in base alla tipologia di alimentazione del digestore anaerobica: colture dedicate o biomasse di scarto. I due scenari alternativi, invece, mostrano un aumento degli impatti, rispetto allo scenario di riferimento, causati soprattutto dagli ulteriori consumi energetici di cui necessitano sia i processi di purificazione del biogas in biometano sia i processi legati alla digestione anaerobica che, nel caso dello scenario di riferimento, sono autoalimentati. L'eventuale conversione dell'attuale funzione dell'impianto deve essere fatta tenendo anche in considerazione i benefici funzionali ed economici apportati dalla produzione del biometano rispetto a quella del biogas.

Sistemi per la climatizzazione mediante pompe di calore geotermiche e pali energetici

We need a large amount of energy to make our homes pleasantly warm in winter and cool in summer. If we also consider the energy losses that occur through roofs, perimeter walls and windows, it would be more appropriate to speak of waste than consumption. The solution would be to build passive houses, i.e. buildings more efficient and environmentally friendly, able to ensure a drastic reduction of electricity and heating bills. Recently, the increase of public awareness about global warming and environmental pollution problems have “finally” opened wide possibility in the field of sustainable construction by encouraging new renewable methods for heating and cooling space. Shallow geothermal allows to exploit the renewable heat reservoir, present in the soil at depths between 15 and 20 m, for air-conditioning of buildings, using a ground source heat pump. This thesis focuses on the design of an air-conditioning system with geothermal heat pump coupled to energy piles, i.e. piles with internal heat exchangers, for a typical Italian-family building, on the basis of a geological-technical report about a plot of Bologna’s plain provided by Geo-Net s.r.l. The study has involved a preliminary static sizing of the piles in order to calculate their length and number, then the project was completed making the energy sizing, where it has been verified if the building energy needs were met with the static solution obtained. Finally the attention was focused on the technical and economical validity compared to a traditional system (cost-benefit analysis) and on the problem of the uncertainty data design and their effects on the operating and initial costs of the system (sensitivity analysis). To evaluate the performance of the thermal system and the potential use of the piles was also used the PILESIM2 software, designed by Dr. Pahud of the SUPSI’s school.

Transgenerational effects of temperature on egg and larval development in Cyprinodon variegatus

Transgenerational plasticity (TGP), a type of maternal effect, occurs when the environment experienced by one or both the parents prior to fertilization directly translates, without changing DNA sequences, into changes in offspring reaction norms. Evidence of such effects has been found in several traits throughout many phyla, and, although of great potential importance - especially in a time of rapid climate change - TGP in thermal growth physiology had never been demonstrated for vertebrates until the first experiment on thermal TGP in sheepshead minnows, who, given sufficient time, adaptively program their offspring for maximal egg viability and growth at the temperature experienced before fertilization. This study on sheepshead minnows from South Carolina and Connecticut investigates how population, parent temperature, and offspring temperature affect egg production, size, viability, larval survival and growth rates, whether these effects provide evidence of TGP, and whether and how they vary with length of exposure time (5, 12, 19, 26, 33 and 43 days) of the parents to the new experimental temperatures of either 26°C or 32°C. Several results are consistent with those obtained in the previous TGP study, which outline a sequence of events consisting of an initial adjustment period to the new temperatures, in which egg production decreases and no signs of TGP are present, followed by a shift to TGP (towards 26-33 days of exposure) in which parents start to produce more eggs which are better adapted to the new thermal environment. Other results present new information, such as signs of TGP in the parent temperature effect on egg sizes already around 20 days of exposure. The innovative idea of populations being able to adapt to rapidly shifting environments through non-genetic mechanisms such as TGP opens new possibilities of survival of species and will have important implications on ecology, physiology, and contemporary evolution.