An approach to an intramolecular organocatalysed asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reaction

An intramolecular and asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of chalcones, exploiting mostly organocatalysts, in order to simultaneously obtain a new chiral center and a chiral axis.

Sintesi enantioselettiva di atropisomeri non-biarilici via organocatalisi: alchilazione di Friedel-Crafts asimmetrica tra indenoni 4-sostituiti e β-naftoli

La reazione di Friedel-Crafts (F-C) rappresenta una delle più importanti e potenti vie per generare un nuovo legame C-C tra un sistema aromatico elettron-ricco e un appropriato elettrofilo. Durante gli ultimi anni l’organocatalisi si è dimostrata essere un’appropriata strategia per realizzare questa importante trasformazione in maniera enantioselettiva. Per quanto riguarda l’amminocatalisi, la reazione di F-C è stata insistentemente studiata su aldeidi α,β-insature utilizzando ammine secondarie chirali, ma ammine primarie basate sulla struttura degli alcaloidi della cincona sono catalizzatori privilegiati per l’attivazione di chetoni. In questa tesi, viene descritto lo sviluppo di un’alchilazione di F-C asimmetrica di appropriati indenoni attraverso la strategia per ione imminio. Opportuni naftoli sono stati utilizzati come nucleofili per ottenere con buone rese e stereocontrollo composti con possibili attività biologiche.

Beyond simple proton transfer processes: domino reactions between 4-substituted indoles and nitroethene as a new gateway to ergot alkaloids

The multimodal biology activity of ergot alkaloids is known by humankind since middle ages. Synthetically modified ergot alkaloids are used for the treatment of various medical conditions. Despite the great progress in organic syntheses, the total synthesis of ergot alkaloids remains a great challenge due to the complexity of their polycyclic structure with multiple stereogenic centres. This project has developed a new domino reaction between indoles bearing a Michael acceptor at the 4 position and nitroethene, leading to potential ergot alkaloid precursors in highly enantioenriched form. The reaction was optimised and applied to a large variety of substrate with good results. Even if unfortunately all attempts to further modify the obtained polycyclic structure failed, it was found a reaction able to produce the diastereoisomer of the polycyclic product in excellent yields. The compounds synthetized were characterized by NMR and ESIMS analysis confirming the structure and their enantiomeric excess was determined by chiral stationary phase HPLC. The mechanism of the reaction was evaluated by DFT calculations, showing the formation of a key bicoordinated nitronate intermediate, and fully accounting for the results observed with all substrates. The relative and absolute configuration of the adducts were determined by a combination of NMR, ECD and computational methods.

Reazioni tandem organocatalitiche enantioselettive di derivati indolici e nitroetene: un accesso diretto a precursori di alcaloidi dell'Ergot

Il lavoro discusso in questa tesi è lo sviluppo di un metodo sintetico basato sulla catalisi asimmetrica che consente di ottenere precursori di alcuni alcaloidi dell’Ergot in forma enantioarricchita. La reazione sviluppata consiste in un processo domino Friedel-Crafts/nitro-Michael fra indoli sostituiti in posizione 4 con un accettore di Michael e nitroetene. I catalizzatori utilizzati sono in grado di attivare il nitroetene per la Friedel-Crafts mediante legami a idrogeno e di indurre stereoselezione nella successiva ciclizzazione di Michael intramolecolare. Mediante la procedura ottimizzata è possibile ottenere una serie di indoli policiclici, potenziali precursori sintetici di alcaloidi dell’Ergot, con buone rese ed enantioselezioni.

Dearomatizzazione organocatalitica regio- ed enantioselettiva di sali di piridinio attivati

In this work, we present the first regio- and enantioselective organocatalytic nucleophilic dearomatization of activated N-alkyl pyridinium salts. In particular, N-benzyl pyridinium bromides bearing electron-withdrawing substituents at the C3 position of the pyridine ring were chosen as substrates. These compounds were easily obtained through an alkylation reaction between benzyl bromides and the corresponding 3-substituted pyridines. Then, a wide range of nucleophiles and organocatalysts was tested, providing the best results when indole, a thiourea derived from quinidine and 1-benzyl-3-nitropyridinum bromide were employed as the nucleophile, the catalyst and the pyridinium salt, respectively. Subsequently, the reaction conditions were optimised evaluating different bases, solvents, N-benzylic protecting groups, molar concentrations and temperatures. With the optimized condition in hand, the scope of the reaction with different substituted indoles was explored, affording the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines in good yields, regio- and enantio-selectivities. In addition, several experiments were carried out in order to understand the mechanism of the reaction, showing an unusual pathway involving a covalently bound intermediate formed by addition of the catalyst to the pyridine unit.

Isoxazolidines and oxazines: preliminary studies for the synthesis of N,O-heterocyclic systems via an organocatalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddiction and a tandem reaction mediated by TEMPO salts

This thesis is the result of the study of two reactions leading to the formation of important heterocyclic compounds of potential pharmaceutical interest. The first study concerns the reaction of (1,3)-dipolar cycloaddition between nitrones and activated olefins by hydrogen bond catalysis of thioureas derivatives leading to the formation of a five-membered cyclic adducts, an interesting and strategic synthetic intermediate, for the synthesis of benzoazepine. The second project wants to explore the direct oxidative C(sp3)-H α-alkylation of simple amides with subsequent addition of an olefin and cyclization in order to obtain the corresponding oxazine. Both reactions are still under development.