10 resultados para Foot Joints
em AMS Tesi di Laurea - Alm@DL - Università di Bologna
Resumo:
The work of this thesis is on the implementation of a variable stiffness joint antagonistically actuated by a couple of twisted-string actuator (TSA). This type of joint is possible to be applied in the field of robotics, like UB Hand IV (the anthropomorphic robotic hand developed by University of Bologna). The purposes of the activities are to build the joint dynamic model and simultaneously control the position and stiffness. Three different control approaches (Feedback linearization, PID, PID+Feedforward) are proposed and validated in simulation. To improve the properties of joint stiffness, a joint with elastic element is taken into account and discussed. To the end, the experimental setup that has been developed for the experimental validation of the proposed control approaches.
Resumo:
Research on adhesive joints is arousing increasing interest in aerospace industry. Incomplete knowledge of fatigue in adhesively bonded joints is a major obstacle to their application. The prediction of the disbonding growth is yet an open question. This thesis researches the influence of the adhesive thickness on fatigue disbond growth. Experimental testing on specimens with different thickness has been performed. Both a conventional approach based on the strain energy release rate and an approach based on cyclic strain energy are provided. The inadequacy of the former approach is discussed. Outcomes from tests support the idea of correlating the crack growth rate to the cyclic strain energy. In order to push further the study, a 2D finite element model for the prediction of disbond growth under quasi-static loading has been developed and implemented in Abaqus. Numerical simulations have been conducted with different values of the adhesive thickness. The results from tests and simulations are in accordance with each other. According to them, no dependence of disbonding on the adhesive thickness has been evidenced.
Resumo:
The use of adhesives to join two different substrates is an efficient replacement to classic joining technologies such as welding and soldering. One the one hand adhesion has different advantages over those techniques such as an improved stress distribution and the potential weight reduction of the structure; on the other hand, two of the most important drawbacks are a relatively low fracture toughness and the need of an accurate surface preparation. These two aspects will be accurately analysed in the present work: the use of Nylon nanofibers as reinforcement for the adhesive should increase fracture toughness, while a surface preparation method consisting of mechanical and chemical treatments will be developed. After the specimens are produced, they will be tested in mode I fracture using a DCB (Double Beam Cantilever) test, which allows to measure the fracture toughness during crack propagation. At the end of the test, the surfaces of the adherends will be visually observed and SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscope) analysed in order to evaluate if adhesive or cohesive fracture occurred, and thus if surface treatments has been well developed to allow a better adhesive-aluminium joining.
Resumo:
In the last few decades, offshore field has grown fast especially after the notable development of technologies, explorations of oil and gas in deep water and the high concern of offshore companies in renewable energy mainly Wind Energy. Fatigue damage was noticed as one of the main problems causing failure of offshore structures. The purpose of this research is to focus on the evaluation of Stress Concentration Factor and its influence on Fatigue Life for 2 tubular KT-Joints in offshore Jacket structure using different calculation methods. The work is done by using analytical calculations, mainly Efthymiou’s formulations, and numerical solutions, FEM analysis, using ABAQUS software. As for the analytical formulations, the calculations were done according to the geometrical parameters of each method using excel sheets. As for the numerical model, 2 different types of tubular KT-Joints are present where for each model 5 shell element type, 3 solid element type and 3 solid-with-weld element type models were built on ABAQUS. Meshing was assigned according to International Institute of Welding (IIW) recommendations, 5 types of mesh element, to evaluate the Hot-spot stresses. 23 different types of unitary loading conditions were assigned, 9 axial, 7 in-plane bending moment and 7 out-plane bending moment loads. The extraction of Hot-spot stresses and the evaluation of the Stress Concentration Factor were done using PYTHON scripting and MATLAB. Then, the fatigue damage evaluation for a critical KT tubular joint based on Simplified Fatigue Damage Rule and Local Approaches (Strain Damage Parameter and Stress Damage Parameter) methods were calculated according to the maximum Stress Concentration Factor conducted from DNV and FEA methods. In conclusion, this research helped us to compare different results of Stress Concentration Factor and Fatigue Life using different methods and provided us with a general overview about what to study next in the future.
Resumo:
The use of adhesively bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) is well established to repair metallic structural elements in the aerospace industry for more than three decades. Despite a few exceptions, this technology has yet not been exploited for the steel construction industry where there is a great need to rehabilitate old metallic bridges. For instance, in Europe more than 30% of the railway bridge stock operated for more than 100 years. These bridges are made of old mild steel or puddle iron that exhibits poor behaviour due to the quality of the material itself and degradation caused by the long-term loading or environmental effects. The modest results for Steel/CFRP joints obtained may be due to the type of adhesive used. In fact, most of the previous studies utilized brittle adhesives specially developed for concrete structures. Recent ductile adhesives that made for the automotive industry for metallic joints should be more appropriate. In this study, an experimental investigation on the behaviour of CFRP/steel adhesively bonded joints is presented. A comparison between brittle adhesives and ductile adhesives is conducted. The results show that the ductile adhesives achieve much higher performance than the brittle ones. The brittle adhesives provide more stiffness to the adhesive joint. In the specimens with the ductile adhesives, the failure pattern started by yielding the steel bars first then the adhesive joint which is promising since it can facilitate the design significantly if the steel yielding can be used as a design criterion. The main disadvantage of ductile adhesives is they are usually more expensive than brittle ones. In order to solve this issue, bi-adhesive joints, in which the joint is mainly made of (low cost) brittle adhesive and ductile adhesive in the stress concentration region, are proposed. The results revealed very high improvement up to the yielding strength of the steel bars and with a balanced stiffness.
Resumo:
L’adroterapia è un tipo di terapia oncologica in cui il tumore è irraggiato con particelle cariche (adroni) quali protoni e ioni carbonio. Il vantaggio principale rispetto alla radioterapia convenzionale a raggi X consiste nel fatto che l’irraggiamento con adroni non coinvolge i tessuti sani circostanti quelli malati. Tuttavia, si conosce ancora poco sui processi di frammentazione nucleare che avvengono tra gli adroni del fascio usato nel trattamento e i nuclei presenti nel corpo umano. Così, nel 2017 nasce l’esperimento FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) con lo scopo di misurare le sezioni d’urto differenziali dei frammenti nucleari prodotti nell’interazione a energie di 200-400 MeV/u (tipicamente impiegate in adroterapia). Attualmente l’apparato sperimentale di FOOT è in grado di compiere misure accurate solo per frammenti carichi, ma nell’ultimo anno si è cominciata ad esplorare la possibilità di rivelare anche i neutroni. Per questa operazione è necessario servirsi di scintillatori liquidi affiancati ad un sistema di veto costituito da scintillatori plastici sottili accoppiati a sensori che segnalano il passaggio di eventuali frammenti carichi. In una precedente campagna di misure con la collaborazione FOOT, si sono utilizzati come sensori dei tubi fotomoltiplicatori (PMT). Per migliorare le prestazioni del sistema di veto si è reso necessario l’utilizzo di scintillatori plastici veloci, letti da sensori fotomoltiplicatori al silicio (SiPM). In questa tesi mi sono occupato della risoluzione temporale dei segnali acquisiti con scintillatori plastici EJ-204 di 3 mm di spessore, letti da SiPM SenseL®.
Resumo:
L’adroterapia è una tecnica di cura tumorale basata sull’irraggiamento della zona cancerosa tramite ioni pesanti e particelle cariche. Queste permettono di massimizzare il danno nella zona tumorale e limitare invece quello subito dalle cellule sane. Il più grande ostacolo risiede nella limitata reperibilità di informazioni in letteratura sulla frammentazione del target. I frammenti così prodotti infatti hanno una mobilità di µm e per questo motivo sono molto difficili da rivelare. In questo contesto nel 2017 l’esperimento FOOT, approvato dall’INFN nasce con l’obiettivo di misurare la sezione d’urto differenziale di tutti i prodotti emessi dalla frammentazione nucleare fra il fascio ed il paziente. Operando in condizione di cinematica inversa l’esperimento riesce a rivelare questi frammenti ed a misurarne l’abbondanza e l’energia. E’ stata effettuata a questo proposito, un’analisi dati volta ad eliminare le frammentazioni in aria precedenti ed interne al rivelatore MSD per poter ottenere misure più accurate delle sezioni d’urto di frammentazione.
Resumo:
L’adroterapia è una terapia medica oncologica che consiste nell’irraggiamento della massa tumorale tramite un fascio di particelle cariche, come protoni o ioni pesanti. Ad oggi però, non è ancora stata fatta una stima completa degli effetti causati dagli eventi di frammentazione nucleare tra le particelle del fascio e i nuclei del corpo umano. A tale scopo è nato nel 2017 l’esperimento FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target), con l’obiettivo di misurare la sezione d’urto differenziale di tutti i prodotti emessi nella frammentazione nucleare tra il fascio e il paziente. In questa tesi sono stati analizzati i dati acquisiti relativi all’interazione tra un fascio di ioni ossigeno a 400MeV/n su un bersaglio di grafite. Per ottenere una misura quanto migliore delle sezioni d’urto è necessario eliminare gli eventi di frammentazione che avvengono tra il fascio e i nuclei dell’aria posta tra i rivelatori dell’apparato sperimentale. Confrontando l’energia rilasciata in due rivelatori consecutivi si può capire se nell’aria posta fra questi vi sono stati tali eventi.
Resumo:
L'adroterapia è una delle tecniche utilizzate ad oggi per trattare i tumori ed è basata sull'utilizzo di fasci di particelle cariche, come protoni e ioni carbonio, accelerati sulla zona da trattare. A differenza dei fotoni, utilizzati in radioterapia, le particelle cariche permettono un rilascio di energia più mirato, danneggiando il DNA delle cellule tumorali fino ad impedirne la duplicazione, senza intaccare i tessuti sani circostanti. Per sfruttare al meglio questa tecnica è necessario conoscere a fondo i processi di frammentazione nucleare che possono avere luogo durante il trattamento, sui quali si hanno ancora insufficienti dati sperimentali, in particolare a proposito della frammentazione del bersaglio. L'esperimento FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) nasce proprio per poter misurare le sezioni d'urto differenziali dei processi di frammentazione nucleare alle tipiche energie dell'adroterapia, dai 60 MeV/u ai 400 MeV/u. Allo stato attuale l'esperimento è dotato di un apparato per la rivelazione di frammenti carichi pesanti e uno per quelli leggeri, mentre non ha un sistema di rivelazione per le particelle neutre. Si sta quindi valutando la possibilità di aggiungere rivelatori di neutroni, per esempio gli scintillatori liquidi BC-501A, i quali permettono di discriminare fotoni da neutroni grazie alla diversa forma del segnale prodotto (Pulse Shape Discrimination). Per studiare le prestazioni di questi rivelatori, essi si stanno attualmente testando alla facility n_TOF del CERN con diverse sorgenti di particelle. In questo lavoro di tesi mi sono occupata di analizzare i segnali raccolti da due BC-501A con una sorgente AmBe di raggi γ e neutroni, con schermo in piombo, e con una sorgente 88Y di soli raggi γ, evidenziando le buone capacità di questi rivelatori di identificare correttamente neutroni e fotoni.
Resumo:
Hadrontherapy is a medical treatment based on the use of charged particles beams accelerated towards deep-seated tumors on clinical patients. The reason why it is increasingly used is the favorable depth dose profile following the Bragg Peak distribution, where the release of dose is almost sharply focused near the end of the beam path. However, nuclear interactions between the beam and the human body constituents occur, generating nuclear fragments which modify the dose profile. To overcome the lack of experimental data on nuclear fragmentation reactions in the energy range of hadrontherapy interest, the FOOT (FragmentatiOn Of Target) experiment has been conceived with the main aim of measuring differential nuclear fragmentation cross sections with an uncertainty lower than 5\%. The same results are of great interest also in the radioprotection field, studying similar processes. Long-term human missions outside the Earth’s orbit are going to be planned in the next years, among which the NASA foreseen travel to Mars, and it is fundamental to protect astronauts health and electronics from radiation exposure .\\ In this thesis, a first analysis of the data taken at the GSI with a beam of $^{16}O$ at 400 $MeV/u$ impinging on a target of graphite ($C$) will be presented, showing the first preliminary results of elemental cross section and angular differential cross section. A Monte Carlo dataset was first studied to test the performance of the tracking reconstruction algorithm and to check the reliability of the full analysis chain, from hit reconstruction to cross section measurement. An high agreement was found between generated and reconstructed fragments, thus validating the adopted procedure. A preliminary experimental cross section was measured and compared with MC results, highlighting a good consistency for all the fragments.