Investigation on laser shock peening capability by FE simulation

Laser shock peening is a technique similar to shot peening that imparts compressive residual stresses in materials for improving fatigue resistance. The ability to use a high energy laser pulse to generate shock waves, inducing a compressive residual stress field in metallic materials, has applications in multiple fields such as turbo-machinery, airframe structures, and medical appliances. The transient nature of the LSP phenomenon and the high rate of the laser's dynamic make real time in-situ measurement of laser/material interaction very challenging. For this reason and for the high cost of the experimental tests, reliable analytical methods for predicting detailed effects of LSP are needed to understand the potential of the process. Aim of this work has been the prediction of residual stress field after Laser Peening process by means of Finite Element Modeling. The work has been carried out in the Stress Methods department of Airbus Operations GmbH (Hamburg) and it includes investigation on compressive residual stresses induced by Laser Shock Peening, study on mesh sensitivity, optimization and tuning of the model by using physical and numerical parameters, validation of the model by comparing it with experimental results. The model has been realized with Abaqus/Explicit commercial software starting from considerations done on previous works. FE analyses are “Mesh Sensitive”: by increasing the number of elements and by decreasing their size, the software is able to probe even the details of the real phenomenon. However, these details, could be only an amplification of real phenomenon. For this reason it was necessary to optimize the mesh elements' size and number. A new model has been created with a more fine mesh in the trough thickness direction because it is the most involved in the process deformations. This increment of the global number of elements has been paid with an "in plane" size reduction of the elements far from the peened area in order to avoid too high computational costs. Efficiency and stability of the analyses has been improved by using bulk viscosity coefficients, a merely numerical parameter available in Abaqus/Explicit. A plastic rate sensitivity study has been also carried out and a new set of Johnson Cook's model coefficient has been chosen. These investigations led to a more controllable and reliable model, valid even for more complex geometries. Moreover the study about the material properties highlighted a gap of the model about the simulation of the surface conditions. Modeling of the ablative layer employed during the real process has been used to fill this gap. In the real process ablative layer is a super thin sheet of pure aluminum stuck on the masterpiece. In the simulation it has been simply reproduced as a 100µm layer made by a material with a yield point of 10MPa. All those new settings has been applied to a set of analyses made with different geometry models to verify the robustness of the model. The calibration of the model with the experimental results was based on stress and displacement measurements carried out on the surface and in depth as well. The good correlation between the simulation and experimental tests results proved this model to be reliable.

Interazione di cluster carbonilici FE-CU con complessi di metalli di transizione e leganti azotati

Nel corso di questa Tesi sono state studiate reazioni di cluster carburo-carbonilici Fe/Cu con composti azotati di varia natura: complessi fosforescenti di metalli di transizione, 1-10 fenantrolina, L-amminoacidi e Chinolina. In particolare la reazione tra Fe4C(CO)12Cu2(CH3CN)2 e [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(N4C-C6H4-CN)]+ ha portato alla sintesi dell’addotto Fe4C(CO)12{Cu2Cl[Ru(tpy)(bpy)(N4C-C6H4-CN)]}, sul quale sono state condotte misure di luminescenza (emissione, eccitazione e misura dei tempi di vita degli stati eccitati). Per confronto degli spettri registrati su campioni di adotto in soluzione con quelli del complesso cationico di Ru(II), si è ipotizzato che l’addotto sintetizzato in soluzione dia origine ad un sistema in equilibrio tra le specie legate e dissociate. Le reazioni di Fe4C(CO)12Cu2(CH3CN)2 e [NEt4][Fe5C(CO)14Cu(CH3CN)] con 1-10 fenantrolina hanno permesso di isolare le nuove specie [Fe4C(CO)12(Cuphen)]–, [Fe4C(CO)12(Cuphen)] e [Fe5C(CO)14(Cuphen)]–, sottoforma dei loro sali [Cu(phen)2][Fe4C(CO)12(Cuphen)], [NEt4] [Fe4C(CO)12(Cuphen)], [Fe4C(CO)12(Cuphen)], [NEt4][Fe5C(CO)14(Cuphen)]• CH2Cl2 e [NEt4][Fe5C(CO)14(Cuphen)]•THF. In tali cluster si nota come la natura bidentata di phen e il suo ingombro sterico abbiano causato notevoli riarrangiamenti strutturali rispetto alle specie iniziali contenenti acetonitrile. La sintesi di Fe4C(CO)12(CuQ)2 e [NEt4][Fe5C(CO)14(CuQ)] è avvenuta inaspettatamente a partire dalle reazioni condotte tra Fe4C(CO)12Cu2(CH3CN)2 e [NEt4][Fe5C(CO)14Cu(CH3CN)] con le molecole L-prolina, L-metionina e guanina, a causa della chinolina contenuta come impurezza nei reagenti di partenza. L’esito di questa reazione ha comunque mostrato l’elevata affinità dei cluster per il legante chinolina, sebbene presente in ambiente di reazione in misura sensibilmente inferiore rispetto agli altri reagenti. Tutte le nuove specie sintetizzate sono stati caratterizzate mediante spettroscopia IR e le strutture molecolari sono state determinate mediante diffrazione di raggi X su cristallo singolo.

Distribution of metals in several vineyards of North Italy: from soil to wine

Nowadays we live in densely populated regions and this leads to many environmental issues. Among all pollutants that human activities originate, metals are relevant because they can be potentially toxic for most of living beings. We studied the fate of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in a vineyard environment analysing samples of plant, wine and soil. Sites were chosen considering the type of wine produced, the type of cultivation (both organic and conventional agriculture) and the geographic location. We took vineyards that cultivate the same grape variety, the Trebbiano). We investigated 5 vineyards located in the Ravenna district (Italy): two on the Lamone Valley slopes, one in the area of river-bank deposits near Ravenna city, then a farm near Lugo and one near Bagnacavallo in interfluve regions. We carried out a very detailed characterization of soils in the sites, including the analysis of: pH, electric conductivity, texture, total carbonate and extimated content of dolomite, active carbonate, iron from ammonium oxalate, Iron Deficiency Chlorosis Index (IDCI), total nitrogen and organic carbon, available phosphorous, available potassium and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Then we made the analysis of the bulk chemical composition and a DTPA extraction to determine the available fraction of elements in soils. All the sites have proper ground to cultivate, with already a good amount of nutrients, such as not needing strong fertilisations, but a vineyard on hills suffers from iron deficiency chlorosis due to the high level of active carbonate. We found some soils with much silica and little calcium oxide that confirm the marly sandstone substratum, while other soils have more calcium oxide and more aluminium oxide that confirm the argillaceous marlstone substratum. We found some critical situations, such as high concentrations of Chromium, especially in the farm near Lugo, and we noticed differences between organic vineyards and conventional ones: the conventional ones have a higher enrichment in soils of some metals (Copper and Zinc). Each metal accumulates differently in every single part of grapevines. We found differences between hill plants and lowland ones: behaviors of plants in metal accumulations seems to have patterns. Metals are more abundant in barks, then in leaves or sometimes in roots. Plants seem trying to remove excesses of metal storing them in bark. Two wines have excess of acetic acid and one conventional farm produces wine with content of Zinc over the Italian law limit. We already found evidence of high values relating them with uncontaminated environments, but more investigations are suggested to link those values to their anthropogenic supplies.