Shear behaviour of reinforced cconcrete slab under concentrated load: an investigation through non-linear and sequentially linear analysis

English: The assessment of safety in existing bridges and viaducts led the Ministry of Public Works of the Netherlands to finance a specific campaing aimed at the study of the response of the elements of these infrastructures. Therefore, this activity is focused on the investigation of the behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs under concentrated loads, adopting finite element modeling and comparison with experimental results. These elements are characterized by shear behaviour and crisi, whose modeling is, from a computational point of view, a hard challeng, due to the brittle behavior combined with three-dimensional effects. The numerical modeling of the failure is studied through Sequentially Linear Analysis (SLA), an alternative Finite Element method, with respect to traditional incremental and iterative approaches. The comparison between the two different numerical techniques represents one of the first works and comparisons in a three-dimensional environment. It's carried out adopting one of the experimental test executed on reinforced concrete slabs as well. The advantage of the SLA is to avoid the well known problems of convergence of typical non-linear analysis, by directly specifying a damage increment, in terms of reduction of stiffness and resistance in particular finite element, instead of load or displacement increasing on the whole structure . For the first time, particular attention has been paid to specific aspects of the slabs, like an accurate constraints modeling and sensitivity of the solution with respect to the mesh density. This detailed analysis with respect to the main parameters proofed a strong influence of the tensile fracture energy, mesh density and chosen model on the solution in terms of force-displacement diagram, distribution of the crack patterns and shear failure mode. The SLA showed a great potential, but it requires a further developments for what regards two aspects of modeling: load conditions (constant and proportional loads) and softening behaviour of brittle materials (like concrete) in the three-dimensional field, in order to widen its horizons in these new contexts of study.

Numerical prediction of the lateral displacement capacity of flexural reinforced concrete shear walls

Previous earthquakes showed that shear wall damage could lead to catastrophic failures of the reinforced concrete building. The lateral load capacity of shear walls needs to be estimated to minimize associated losses during catastrophic events; hence it is necessary to develop and validate reliable and stable numerical methods able to converge to reasonable estimations with minimum computational effort. The beam-column 1-D line element with fiber-type cross-section model is a practical option that yields results in agreement with experimental data. However, shortcomings of using this model to predict the local damage response may come from the fact that the model requires fine calibration of material properties to overcome regularization and size effects. To reduce the mesh-dependency of the numerical model, a regularization method based on the concept of post-yield energy is applied in this work to both the concrete and the steel material constitutive laws to predict the nonlinear cyclic response and failure mechanism of concrete shear walls. Different categories of wall specimens known to produce a different response under in plane cyclic loading for their varied geometric and detailing characteristics are considered in this study, namely: 1) scaled wall specimens designed according to the European seismic design code and 2) unique full-scale wall specimens detailed according to the U.S. design code to develop a ductile behavior under cyclic loading. To test the boundaries of application of the proposed method, two full-scale walls with a mixed shear-flexure response and different values of applied axial load are also considered. The results of this study show that the use of regularized constitutive models considerably enhances the response predictions capabilities of the model with regards to global force-drift response and failure mode. The simulations presented in this thesis demonstrate the proposed model to be a valuable tool for researchers and engineers.

Analisi dei guasti di impianti di vaporizzazione di azoto ed aria compressa

Nel corso degli ultimi decenni, ha assunto importanza crescente il tema della sicurezza e dell’affidabilità degli impianti dell’industria di processo. Tramite l’analisi di affidabilità è possibile individuare i componenti critici di un impianto più a rischio. Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stata eseguita l’analisi di affidabilità di tre impianti dello stabilimento SOL di Mantova: l’impianto di vaporizzazione azoto a bassa pressione, l’impianto di vaporizzazione azoto a media pressione e l’impianto di produzione di aria sintetica. A partire dai diagrammi P&ID degli impianti si è effettuata l’analisi delle possibili modalità di guasto degli impianti stessi tramite la tecnica FMECA, acronimo di Failure Modes & Effects Criticality Analisys. Una volta definite le modalità di guasto degli impianti, si è proceduto a quantificarne l’affidabilità utilizzando la tecnica FTA, acronimo di Fault Tree Analisys. I risultati ottenuti dall’analisi degli alberi dei guasti, hanno permesso di individuare gli eventi primari che maggiormente contribuiscono al fallimento dei sistemi studiati, consentendo di formulare ipotesi per l’incremento di affidabilità degli impianti.

Experimental analysis of fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) confined masonry columns

The increasing use of Fiber Reinforced methods for strengthening existing brick masonry walls and columns, especially for the rehabilitation of historical buildings, has generated considerable research interest in understanding the failure mechanism in such systems. This dissertation is aimed to provide a basic understanding of the behavior of solid brick masonry walls unwrapped and wrapped with Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Composites. This is a new type of composite material, commonly known as FRCM, featuring a cementitious inorganic matrix (binder) instead of the more common epoxy one. The influence of the FRCM-reinforcement on the load-carrying capacity and strain distribution during compression test will be investigated using a full-field optical technique known as Digital Image Correlation. Compression test were carried on 6 clay bricks columns and on 7 clay brick walls in three different configuration, casted using bricks scaled respect the first one with a ratio 1:2, in order to determinate the effects of FRCM reinforcement. The goal of the experimental program is to understand how the behavior of brick masonry will be improved by the FRCM-wrapping. The results indicate that there is an arching action zone represented in the form of a parabola with a varying shape according to the used configuration. The area under the parabolas is considered as ineffectively confined. The effectively confined area is assumed to occur within the region where the arching action had been fully developed.

Shear behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under concentrated load: an investigation through Sequentially Linear Analysis

ABSTRACT (italiano) Con crescente attenzione riguardo al problema della sicurezza di ponti e viadotti esistenti nei Paesi Bassi, lo scopo della presente tesi è quello di studiare, mediante la modellazione con Elementi Finiti ed il continuo confronto con risultati sperimentali, la risposta in esercizio di elementi che compongono infrastrutture del genere, ovvero lastre in calcestruzzo armato sollecitate da carichi concentrati. Tali elementi sono caratterizzati da un comportamento ed una crisi per taglio, la cui modellazione è, da un punto di vista computazionale, una sfida piuttosto ardua, a causa del loro comportamento fragile combinato a vari effetti tridimensionali. La tesi è incentrata sull'utilizzo della Sequentially Linear Analysis (SLA), un metodo di soluzione agli Elementi Finiti alternativo rispetto ai classici approcci incrementali e iterativi. Il vantaggio della SLA è quello di evitare i ben noti problemi di convergenza tipici delle analisi non lineari, specificando direttamente l'incremento di danno sull'elemento finito, attraverso la riduzione di rigidezze e resistenze nel particolare elemento finito, invece dell'incremento di carico o di spostamento. Il confronto tra i risultati di due prove di laboratorio su lastre in calcestruzzo armato e quelli della SLA ha dimostrato in entrambi i casi la robustezza del metodo, in termini di accuratezza dei diagrammi carico-spostamento, di distribuzione di tensioni e deformazioni e di rappresentazione del quadro fessurativo e dei meccanismi di crisi per taglio. Diverse variazioni dei più importanti parametri del modello sono state eseguite, evidenziando la forte incidenza sulle soluzioni dell'energia di frattura e del modello scelto per la riduzione del modulo elastico trasversale. Infine è stato effettuato un paragone tra la SLA ed il metodo non lineare di Newton-Raphson, il quale mostra la maggiore affidabilità della SLA nella valutazione di carichi e spostamenti ultimi insieme ad una significativa riduzione dei tempi computazionali. ABSTRACT (english) With increasing attention to the assessment of safety in existing dutch bridges and viaducts, the aim of the present thesis is to study, through the Finite Element modeling method and the continuous comparison with experimental results, the real response of elements that compose these infrastructures, i.e. reinforced concrete slabs subjected to concentrated loads. These elements are characterized by shear behavior and crisis, whose modeling is, from a computational point of view, a hard challenge, due to their brittle behavior combined with various 3D effects. The thesis is focused on the use of Sequentially Linear Analysis (SLA), an alternative solution technique to classical non linear Finite Element analyses that are based on incremental and iterative approaches. The advantage of SLA is to avoid the well-known convergence problems of non linear analyses by directly specifying a damage increment, in terms of a reduction of stiffness and strength in the particular finite element, instead of a load or displacement increment. The comparison between the results of two laboratory tests on reinforced concrete slabs and those obtained by SLA has shown in both the cases the robustness of the method, in terms of accuracy of load-displacements diagrams, of the distribution of stress and strain and of the representation of the cracking pattern and of the shear failure mechanisms. Different variations of the most important parameters have been performed, pointing out the strong incidence on the solutions of the fracture energy and of the chosen shear retention model. At last a confrontation between SLA and the non linear Newton-Raphson method has been executed, showing the better reliability of the SLA in the evaluation of the ultimate loads and displacements, together with a significant reduction of computational times.

Comparative study of the different models for the calculation of BLEVEs overpressure effects

The BLEVE, acronym for Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion, is one of the most dangerous accidents that can occur in pressure vessels. It can be defined as an explosion resulting from the failure of a vessel containing a pressure liquefied gas stored at a temperature significantly above its boiling point at atmospheric pressure. This phenomenon frequently appears when a vessel is engulfed by a fire: the heat causes the internal pressure to raise and the mechanical proprieties of the wall to decrease, with the consequent rupture of the tank and the instantaneous release of its whole content. After the breakage, the vapour outflows and expands and the liquid phase starts boiling due to the pressure drop. The formation and propagation of a distructive schock wave may occur, together with the ejection of fragments, the generation of a fireball if the stored fluid is flammable and immediately ignited or the atmospheric dispersion of a toxic cloud if the fluid contained inside the vessel is toxic. Despite the presence of many studies on the BLEVE mechanism, the exact causes and conditions of its occurrence are still elusive. In order to better understand this phenomenon, in the present study first of all the concept and definition of BLEVE are investigated. A historical analysis of the major events that have occurred over the past 60 years is described. A research of the principal causes of this event, including the analysis of the substances most frequently involved, is presented too. Afterwards a description of the main effects of BLEVEs is reported, focusing especially on the overpressure. Though the major aim of the present thesis is to contribute, with a comparative analysis, to the validation of the main models present in the literature for the calculation and prediction of the overpressure caused by BLEVEs. In line with this purpose, after a short overview of the available approaches, their ability to reproduce the trend of the overpressure is investigated. The overpressure calculated with the different models is compared with values deriving from events happened in the past and ad-hoc experiments, focusing the attention especially on medium and large scale phenomena. The ability of the models to consider different filling levels of the reservoir and different substances is analyzed too. The results of these calculations are extensively discussed. Finally some conclusive remarks are reported.