A multi-objective genetic algorithm optimisation using variable speed pumps in water distribution systems

Due to its practical importance and inherent complexity, the optimisation of distribution networks for supplying drinking water has been the subject of extensive study for the past 30 years. The optimization is governed by sizing the pipes in the water distribution network (WDN) and / or optimises specific parts of the network such as pumps, tanks etc. or try to analyse and optimise the reliability of a WDN. In this thesis, the author has analysed two different WDNs (Anytown City and Cabrera city networks), trying to solve and optimise a multi-objective optimisation problem (MOOP). The main two objectives in both cases were the minimisation of Energy Cost (€) or Energy consumption (kWh), along with the total Number of pump switches (TNps) during a day. For this purpose, a decision support system generator for Multi-objective optimisation used. Its name is GANetXL and has been developed by the Center of Water System in the University of Exeter. GANetXL, works by calling the EPANET hydraulic solver, each time a hydraulic analysis has been fulfilled. The main algorithm used, was a second-generation algorithm for multi-objective optimisation called NSGA_II that gave us the Pareto fronts of each configuration. The first experiment that has been carried out was the network of Anytown city. It is a big network with a pump station of four fixed speed parallel pumps that are boosting the water dynamics. The main intervention was to change these pumps to new Variable speed driven pumps (VSDPs), by installing inverters capable to diverse their velocity during the day. Hence, it’s been achieved great Energy and cost savings along with minimisation in the number of pump switches. The results of the research are thoroughly illustrated in chapter 7, with comments and a variety of graphs and different configurations. The second experiment was about the network of Cabrera city. The smaller WDN had a unique FS pump in the system. The problem was the same as far as the optimisation process was concerned, thus, the minimisation of the energy consumption and in parallel the minimisation of TNps. The same optimisation tool has been used (GANetXL).The main scope was to carry out several and different experiments regarding a vast variety of configurations, using different pump (but this time keeping the FS mode), different tank levels, different pipe diameters and different emitters coefficient. All these different modes came up with a large number of results that were compared in the chapter 8. Concluding, it should be said that the optimisation of WDNs is a very interested field that has a vast space of options to deal with. This includes a large number of algorithms to choose from, different techniques and configurations to be made and different support system generators. The researcher has to be ready to “roam” between these choices, till a satisfactory result will convince him/her that has reached a good optimisation point.

Propagazione di luce in mezzi disordinati: Misure di trasporto diffusivo tramite imaging stazionario

Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stato effettuato uno studio del trasporto di luce in sistemi diffusivi. Per effettuare tale studio è stato allestito un apparato sperimentale ottimizzato per acquisire profili di trasmissione risolti spazialmente di campioni con geometria a slab. Tramite delle misure su un campione diffusivo di riferimento è stato valutato il funzionamento dell’apparato e sono stati effettuati dei test per ottimizzare il procedimento di misurazione. L’apparato è stato poi impiegato per condurre un’analisi del trasporto in un altro sistema disordinato particolarmente interessante, una scaglia di scarafaggio bianco Chyphochilus. Questa specie presenta una bianchezza unica in natura, per via della particolare struttura ottica insita nelle sue scaglie. Le misure effettuate su questo campione hanno rivelato la presenza di anisotropia di trasporto, elemento che potrebbe rivestire un ruolo centrale nelle eccezionali proprietà macroscopiche della scaglia. Sia l’analisi sul campione diffusivo che sulla scaglia di Chyphochilus dimostrano come l’apparato messo a punto permetta di investigare le proprietà microscopiche e strutturali del processo di trasporto di luce, consentendo di stimare il grado di anisotropia dei sistemi esaminati. L’intero lavoro di tesi è stato svolto presso il laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopia Non-lineare LENS di Firenze all’interno dell’attività di ricerca del gruppo di ottica dei sistemi complessi di Diederik Wiersma. Il campione di scaglia di Chyphochilus è stato fornito dal prof. Peter Vukusic dell’Università di Exeter, UK.