Joomla! e Microweb: soluzioni low cost per la piccola impresa

Il presente elaborato, "Joomla! e Microweb: soluzioni low cost per la piccola impresa", si pone l'obiettivo di unire un insieme di realtà differenti tra loro: esigenze economiche, piattaforme tecniche e rete sociale possono integrarsi in un circuito virtuoso. Attraverso l'analisi della piattaforma CMS Joomla!, e la sua integrazione con utilities di terze parti, è possibile velocizzare senza perdere qualità, abbattendo i costi, il processo di pubblicazione e mantenimento di un sito web. Attraverso, poi, un'efficace integrazione di Joomla! con servizi social integrati nella piattaforma stessa, è possibile venire in contatto con quelli che vengono definiti gli hub concettuali della rete, come Facebook e YouTube. Mirate politiche di marketing, soprattutto per i prodotti di nicchia, possono essere quindi portate a termine con soddisfazione senza cadere in costi eccessivamente elevati. Infine, è stato coniato il concetto di "Microweb" che sintetizza nel suo significato il processo di integrazione di servizi social e di utilities in un'unica piattaforma madre, nel caso specifico Joomla!.

Stima della superficie corporea in condizioni statiche e dinamiche: Stato dell'arte e soluzioni innovative low-cost

In questo progetto di tesi ci si addentrerà nel campo della scansione corporea, e più in generale di qualunque oggetto. In questo ambito le soluzioni proposte sono numerose e questo settore ha vissuto negli ultimi anni un’incredibile crescita, favorita anche dalla nascita delle stampanti 3D. Si può ragionevolmente supporre che tale crescita non sia destinata ad esaurirsi nei prossimi anni; ci sono i presupposti per cui questo settore occupi fette sempre più importanti del mercato. In questa tesi ci si è occupati prevalentemente di tecniche di scansione del corpo umano, in quanto una descrizione geometricamente accurata della superficie corporea riveste una notevole importanza sia nelle applicazioni industriali che nello studio della biomeccanica del movimento. Per quanto riguarda le applicazioni industriali si pensi ad esempio all’utilizzo di scanner 3D in accoppiata alle moderne stampanti 3D per la realizzazione di protesi custom o al comparto sartoriale per il confezionamento di abiti su misura. Nell’ambito della biomeccanica essa può risultare utile sia per quanto riguarda gli aspetti cinematici e dinamici nei campi riabilitativo, ergonomico e sportivo, sia per quanto riguarda la stima delle grandezze antropometriche. Attualmente esistono sistemi di scansione corporea low-cost che si stanno sempre più diffondendo e si può pensare ad un futuro neanche tanto lontano nel quale essi siano presenti in maniera diffusa nelle abitazioni. In tale contesto gli obiettivi di questa tesi sono: 1) Documentare quanto prodotto finora a livello scientifico, brevettuale ed industriale, evidenziando meriti e limiti di ciascuna soluzione. 2) Individuare e valutare la realizzabilità di soluzioni innovative low-cost.

Characterization of a 3D-printed low-cost flexible dielectric material for the realization of innovative WPT wearable applications

The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that 3D-printing technologies can be considered significantly attractive in the production of microwave devices and in the antenna design, with the intention of making them lightweight, cheaper, and easily integrable for the production of wireless, battery-free, and wearable devices for vital signals monitoring. In this work, a new 3D-printable, low-cost resin material, the Flexible80A, is proposed as RF substrate in the implementation of a rectifying antenna (rectenna) operating at 2.45 GHz for wireless power transfer. A careful and accurate electromagnetic characterization of the abovementioned material, revealing it to be a very lossy substrate, has paved the way for the investigation of innovative transmission line and antenna layouts, as well as etching techniques, possible thanks to the design freedom enabled by 3D-printing technologies with the aim of improving the wave propagation performance within lossy materials. This analysis is crucial in the design process of a patch antenna, meant to be successively connected to the rectifier. In fact, many different patch antenna layouts are explored varying the antenna dimensions, the substrate etchings shape and position, the feeding line technology, and the operating frequency. Before dealing with the rectification stage of the rectenna design, the hot and long-discussed topic of the equivalent receiving antenna circuit representation is addressed, providing an overview of the interpretation of different authors about the issue, and the position that has been adopted in this thesis. Furthermore, two rectenna designs are proposed and simulated with the aim of minimizing the dielectric losses. Finally, a prototype of a rectenna with the antenna conjugate matched to the rectifier, operating at 2.45 GHz, has been fabricated with adhesive copper on a substrate sample of Flexible80A and measured, in order to validate the simulated results.

Numerical simulation of interdigitated back contact hetero-junction solar cells

The goal of this thesis is the application of an opto-electronic numerical simulation to heterojunction silicon solar cells featuring an all back contact architecture (Interdigitated Back Contact Hetero-Junction IBC-HJ). The studied structure exhibits both metal contacts, emitter and base, at the back surface of the cell with the objective to reduce the optical losses due to the shadowing by front contact of conventional photovoltaic devices. Overall, IBC-HJ are promising low-cost alternatives to monocrystalline wafer-based solar cells featuring front and back contact schemes, in fact, for IBC-HJ the high concentration doping diffusions are replaced by low-temperature deposition processes of thin amorphous silicon layers. Furthermore, another advantage of IBC solar cells with reference to conventional architectures is the possibility to enable a low-cost assembling of photovoltaic modules, being all contacts on the same side. A preliminary extensive literature survey has been helpful to highlight the specific critical aspects of IBC-HJ solar cells as well as the state-of-the-art of their modeling, processing and performance of practical devices. In order to perform the analysis of IBC-HJ devices, a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulation flow has been set up. A commercial device simulator based on finite-difference method to solve numerically the whole set of equations governing the electrical transport in semiconductor materials (Sentuarus Device by Synopsys) has been adopted. The first activity carried out during this work has been the definition of a 2-D geometry corresponding to the simulation domain and the specification of the electrical and optical properties of materials. In order to calculate the main figures of merit of the investigated solar cells, the spatially resolved photon absorption rate map has been calculated by means of an optical simulator. Optical simulations have been performed by using two different methods depending upon the geometrical features of the front interface of the solar cell: the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the raytracing (RT). The first method allows to model light prop-agation by plane waves within one-dimensional spatial domains under the assumption of devices exhibiting stacks of parallel layers with planar interfaces. In addition, TMM is suitable for the simulation of thin multi-layer anti reflection coating layers for the reduction of the amount of reflected light at the front interface. Raytracing is required for three-dimensional optical simulations of upright pyramidal textured surfaces which are widely adopted to significantly reduce the reflection at the front surface. The optical generation profiles are interpolated onto the electrical grid adopted by the device simulator which solves the carriers transport equations coupled with Poisson and continuity equations in a self-consistent way. The main figures of merit are calculated by means of a postprocessing of the output data from device simulation. After the validation of the simulation methodology by means of comparison of the simulation result with literature data, the ultimate efficiency of the IBC-HJ architecture has been calculated. By accounting for all optical losses, IBC-HJ solar cells result in a theoretical maximum efficiency above 23.5% (without texturing at front interface) higher than that of both standard homojunction crystalline silicon (Homogeneous Emitter HE) and front contact heterojuction (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer HIT) solar cells. However it is clear that the criticalities of this structure are mainly due to the defects density and to the poor carriers transport mobility in the amorphous silicon layers. Lastly, the influence of the most critical geometrical and physical parameters on the main figures of merit have been investigated by applying the numerical simulation tool set-up during the first part of the present thesis. Simulations have highlighted that carrier mobility and defects level in amorphous silicon may lead to a potentially significant reduction of the conversion efficiency.

Sperimentazione di algoritmi di localizzazione per sorgenti acustiche

L'obiettivo di questo elaborato è quello di realizzare un sistema di acquisizione real-time e low cost, in grado di stimare la posizione di una sorgente sonora. Per acquisizione real-time si intende un sistema in grado di seguire gli spostamenti della sorgente audio nell'ambiente, limitando il più possibile i tempi di latenza fra un'acquisizione e l'altra. A tal fine si sfrutteranno due coppie di microfoni, che concorrereranno in maniera sequenziale alla stima dell'angolo di arrivo del suono (e quindi della retta su cui giace il punto di provenienza del suono). Combinando i dati raccolti dai quattro microfoni sarà dunque possibile risalire alla posizione di provenienza della sorgente sonora. Il software (implementato in MATLAB) verrà ampiamente discusso nei seguenti capitoli, il suo scopo sarà quello di gestire l'acquisizione dati, garantire il funzionamento real-time e fornire una stima di posizione della sorgente sonora, mostrando il relativo errore commesso durante la misura, nel caso in cui si conosca a priori la posizione della sorgente.

An Embedded In-Cabin Lightweight High-Performance 3D Gaze Estimation System

Gaze estimation has gained interest in recent years for being an important cue to obtain information about the internal cognitive state of humans. Regardless of whether it is the 3D gaze vector or the point of gaze (PoG), gaze estimation has been applied in various fields, such as: human robot interaction, augmented reality, medicine, aviation and automotive. In the latter field, as part of Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS), it allows the development of cutting-edge systems capable of mitigating road accidents by monitoring driver distraction. Gaze estimation can be also used to enhance the driving experience, for instance, autonomous driving. It also can improve comfort with augmented reality components capable of being commanded by the driver's eyes. Although, several high-performance real-time inference works already exist, just a few are capable of working with only a RGB camera on computationally constrained devices, such as a microcontroller. This work aims to develop a low-cost, efficient and high-performance embedded system capable of estimating the driver's gaze using deep learning and a RGB camera. The proposed system has achieved near-SOTA performances with about 90% less memory footprint. The capabilities to generalize in unseen environments have been evaluated through a live demonstration, where high performance and near real-time inference were obtained using a webcam and a Raspberry Pi4.

Study of high-quality ALD gate dielectrics in radiation sensitive oxide field effect transistors

Radiation dosimetry is crucial in many fields, where the exposure of ionizing radiation must be precisely controlled to avoid health and environmental safety issues. Radiotherapy and radioprotection are two examples in which fast and reliable detectors are needed. Compact and large area wearable detectors are being developed to address real-life radiation dosimetry applications, their ideal properties include flexibility, lightness, and low-cost. This thesis contributed to the development of Radiation sensitive OXide Field Effect Transistors (ROXFETs), which are detectors able to provide fast and real-time radiation read out. ROXFETs are based on thin film transistors fabricated with high-mobility amorphous oxide semiconductor, making them compatible with large area, flexible, and low cost production over plastic substrates. The gate dielectric material has high dielectric constant and high atomic number, which results in high performances and high radiation sensitivity, respectively. The aim of this work was to establish a stable and reliable fabrication process for ROXFETs made with atomic layer deposited gate dielectric. A study on the effect of gate dielectric materials was performed, focusing the attention on the properties of the dielectric-semiconductor interface. Single and multi layer dielectric structures were compared during this work. Furthermore, the effect of annealing temperature was studied. The device performances were tested to understand the underlying physical processes. In this way, it was possible to determine a reliable fabrication procedure and an optimal structure for ROXFETs. An outstanding sensitivity of (65±3)V/Gy was measured in detectors with a bi-layer Ta₂O₅-Al₂O₃ gate dielectric with low temperature annealing performed at 180°C.