Nuovo modello cinetostatico della caviglia umana.

The relevance of human joint models has been shown in the literature. They can help in diagnosis, in prostheses and ortheses design and in predicting the joints’ behavior. Recently a sequential approach for the modeling of the human diarthrodial joints composed of three steps has been proposed. At each step the role of some anatomical structures is considered. Starting from a limited number of structures, the model gets more and more sophisticated until all the components, both passive (articular surfaces, ligaments and tendons) and active (muscles), are incorporated in the final model. According to this procedure, the behavior of the human ankle during passive motion (no loads applied) has been previously modeled by a one degree of freedom 5-5 fully parallel mechanism. Starting from this model, the kinetostatic model of the human ankle joint that replicates its behavior when external loads are applied is developed. The anatomical and mechanical characteristics and the role of the passive structures are considered; a multifiber model is developed and an optimization criteria based on experimental data is proposed. Finally an application of the developed model to an amputated ankle is presented, together with the results obtained from the optimization of the geometrical and mechanical Parameters. Although some improvements can be achieved, the model is satisfactorily able to replicate the behavior of the human ankle subject to the anterior drawer and the inversion clinical tests applied in the neutral position.

Outdoor production of Isochrysis galbana (T-iso) in industrial scale photobioreactors and modelling of its photosynthesis and respiration rate

Isochrysis galbana is a widely-used strain in aquaculture in spite of its low productivity. To maximize the productivity of processes based on this microalgae strain, a model was developed considering the influence of irradiance, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration on the photosynthesis and respiration rate. Results demonstrate that this strain tolerates temperatures up to 35ºC but it is highly sensitive to irradiances higher than 500 µE·m-2·s-1 and dissolved oxygen concentrations higher than 11 mg·l-1. With the researcher group of the “Universidad de Almeria”, the developed model was validated using data from an industrial-scale outdoor tubular photobioreactor demonstrating that inadequate temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations reduce productivity to half that which is maximal, according to light availability under real outdoor conditions. The developed model is a useful tool for managing working processes, especially in the development of new processes based on this strain and to take decisions regarding optimal control strategies. Also the outdoor production of Isochrysis galbana T-iso in industrial size tubular photobioreactors (3.0 m3) has been studied. Experiments were performed modifying the dilution rate and evaluating the biomass productivity and quality, in addition to the overall performance of the system. Results confirmed that T-iso can be produced outdoor at commercial scale in continuous mode, productivities up to 20 g·m-2·day-1 of biomass rich in proteins (45%) and lipids (25%) being obtained. The utilization of this type of photobioreactors allows controlling the contamination and pH of the cultures, but daily variation of solar radiation imposes the existence of inadequate dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature at which the cells are exposed to inside the reactor. Excessive dissolved oxygen reduced the biomass productivity to 68% of maximal, whereas inadequate temperature reduces to 63% of maximal. Thus, optimally controlling these parameters the biomass productivity can be duplicated. These results confirm the potential to produce this valuable strain at commercial scale in optimally designed/operated tubular photobioreactors as a biotechnological industry.