Introduzione agli elettrodi senza contatto per uso medico

I segnali biopotenziali cardiaci e neurali nelle forme di elettroencefalogramma (EEG) ed elettrocardiogramma (ECG) sono due indicatori fisiologici molto importanti che ben si prestano ad un monitoraggio sanitario wireless a lungo termine. Nonostante gli innumerevoli progressi compiuti nel campo della tecnologia wireless e della microelettronica, l’utilizzo dell'EEG/ECG risulta essere ancora limitato dai disagi e dalle scomodità dovute all’impiego di elettrodi a contatto bagnato (wet contact electrodes). Gli elettrodi adesivi ad uso clinico sono spesso percepiti dai pazienti su cui vengono applicati come irritanti e scomodi, riducendo notevolmente l’accondiscendenza ad un loro utilizzo costante nell'ambiente domestico, ovvero al di fuori dello stretto controllo medico-sanitario. Come alternativa si ricorre all’uso di elettrodi a secco (dry electrodes), questi però, in mancanza della capacità di conduzione del gel, sono molto più sensibili alle condizioni della pelle e pertanto suscettibili agli artefatti legati al movimento. Questa tesi si ripropone di illustrare in maniera il più possibile organica e precisa il principio di funzionamento degli elettrodi senza contatto, con particolare attenzione al ruolo rivestito dai segnali EEG ed ECG. L’analisi intende inoltre mettere in evidenza l’entità dei vantaggi derivanti dall’impiego degli elettrodi senza contatto rispetto a quelli tradizionali.

Fabrication by magnetron sputtering and characterization of electrodes based on CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 (CIGS)

This thesis work aims to produce and test multilayer electrodes for their use as photocathode in a PEC device. The electrode developed is based on CIGS, a I-III-VI2 semiconductor material composed of copper (Cu), indium (In), Gallium (Ga) and selenium (Se). It has a bandgap in the range of 1.0-2.4 eV and an absorption coefficient of about 105cm−1, which makes it a promising photocathode for PEC water splitting. The idea of our multilayer electrode is to deposit a thin layer of CdS on top of CIGS to form a solid-state p–n junction and lead to more efficient charge separation. In addition another thin layer of AZO (Aluminum doped zinc oxide) is deposit on top of CdS since it would form a better alignment between the AZO/CdS/CIGS interfaces, which would help to drive the charge transport further and minimize charge recombination. Finally, a TiO2 layer on top of the electrodes is used as protective layer during the H2 evolution. FTO (Fluorine doped tin oxide) and Molybdenum are used as back-contact. We used the technique of RF magnetron sputtering to deposit the thin layers of material. The structural characterization performed by XDR measurement confirm a polycrystalline chalcopyrite structural with a preferential orientation along the (112) direction for the CIGS. From linear fit of the Tauc plot, we get an energy gap of about 1.16 eV. In addition, from a four points measurements, we get a resistivity of 0.26 Ωcm. We performed an electrochemical characterization in cell of our electrodes. The results show that our samples have a good stability but produce a photocurrent of the order of μA, three orders of magnitude smaller than our targets. The EIS analysis confirm a significant depletion of the species in front of the electrode causing a lower conversion of the species and less current flows.

Numerical simulation of interdigitated back contact hetero-junction solar cells

The goal of this thesis is the application of an opto-electronic numerical simulation to heterojunction silicon solar cells featuring an all back contact architecture (Interdigitated Back Contact Hetero-Junction IBC-HJ). The studied structure exhibits both metal contacts, emitter and base, at the back surface of the cell with the objective to reduce the optical losses due to the shadowing by front contact of conventional photovoltaic devices. Overall, IBC-HJ are promising low-cost alternatives to monocrystalline wafer-based solar cells featuring front and back contact schemes, in fact, for IBC-HJ the high concentration doping diffusions are replaced by low-temperature deposition processes of thin amorphous silicon layers. Furthermore, another advantage of IBC solar cells with reference to conventional architectures is the possibility to enable a low-cost assembling of photovoltaic modules, being all contacts on the same side. A preliminary extensive literature survey has been helpful to highlight the specific critical aspects of IBC-HJ solar cells as well as the state-of-the-art of their modeling, processing and performance of practical devices. In order to perform the analysis of IBC-HJ devices, a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulation flow has been set up. A commercial device simulator based on finite-difference method to solve numerically the whole set of equations governing the electrical transport in semiconductor materials (Sentuarus Device by Synopsys) has been adopted. The first activity carried out during this work has been the definition of a 2-D geometry corresponding to the simulation domain and the specification of the electrical and optical properties of materials. In order to calculate the main figures of merit of the investigated solar cells, the spatially resolved photon absorption rate map has been calculated by means of an optical simulator. Optical simulations have been performed by using two different methods depending upon the geometrical features of the front interface of the solar cell: the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the raytracing (RT). The first method allows to model light prop-agation by plane waves within one-dimensional spatial domains under the assumption of devices exhibiting stacks of parallel layers with planar interfaces. In addition, TMM is suitable for the simulation of thin multi-layer anti reflection coating layers for the reduction of the amount of reflected light at the front interface. Raytracing is required for three-dimensional optical simulations of upright pyramidal textured surfaces which are widely adopted to significantly reduce the reflection at the front surface. The optical generation profiles are interpolated onto the electrical grid adopted by the device simulator which solves the carriers transport equations coupled with Poisson and continuity equations in a self-consistent way. The main figures of merit are calculated by means of a postprocessing of the output data from device simulation. After the validation of the simulation methodology by means of comparison of the simulation result with literature data, the ultimate efficiency of the IBC-HJ architecture has been calculated. By accounting for all optical losses, IBC-HJ solar cells result in a theoretical maximum efficiency above 23.5% (without texturing at front interface) higher than that of both standard homojunction crystalline silicon (Homogeneous Emitter HE) and front contact heterojuction (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer HIT) solar cells. However it is clear that the criticalities of this structure are mainly due to the defects density and to the poor carriers transport mobility in the amorphous silicon layers. Lastly, the influence of the most critical geometrical and physical parameters on the main figures of merit have been investigated by applying the numerical simulation tool set-up during the first part of the present thesis. Simulations have highlighted that carrier mobility and defects level in amorphous silicon may lead to a potentially significant reduction of the conversion efficiency.

La misura dell'impedenza locale con tecnologia Contact nello studio elettrofisiologico

Questo lavoro di Tesi Magistrale, si focalizza sulla più importante delle aritmie atriali, ovvero la Fibrillazione Atriale, e sul trattamento della stessa attraverso le procedure di ablazione a radio frequenza (RF). Il lavoro di tesi, svolto presso l'Ospedale 'M. Bufalini' di Cesena, affronta in particolare l'uso della tecnologia EnSite NavX (un sistema di mappaggio elettroanatomico delle cavità cardiache) ed EnSite Contact (un sistema basato sulla misura dell'impedenza locale per la valutazione del contatto elettrodo tessuto). L'acquisizione e l'analisi dei dati di ECI (indice di accoppiamento elettrico), forniti dal modulo Contact, hanno permesso di comprendere come questo parametro, derivato dalla misura dell'impedenza locale, possa contribuire a fornire importanti informazioni in real-time all'elettrofisiologo e come lo studio della sua dinamica, con particolare attenzione alle variazioni tra pre e post ablazione, possa risultare utile per verificare l'avvenuta erogazione di energia ai tessuti.

Dielectrophoresis (dep) and electrowetting (ewod) as an anti-fouling process for antibacterial surfaces

Nowadays the medical field is struggling to decrease bacteria biofilm formation which leads to infection. Biomedical devices sterilization has not changed over a long period of time. This results in high costs for hospitals healthcare managements. The objective of this project is to investigate electric field effects and surface energy manipulation as solutions for preventing bacteria biofilm for future devices. Based on electrokinectic environments 2 different methods were tested: feasibility of electric gradient through mediums (DEP) reinforced by numerical simulations; and EWOD by the fabrication of golden interdigitated electrodes on silicon glass substrates, standard ~480 nm Teflon (PTFE) layer and polymeric gasket to contain the bacteria medium. In the first experiment quantitative analysis was carried out to achieve forces required to reject bacteria without considering dielectric environment limitations as bacteria and medium frequency dependence. In the second experiment applied voltages was characterized by droplets contact angle measurements and put to the live bacteria tests. The project resulted on promising results for DEP application due to its wide range of frequency that can be used to make a “general” bacteria rejecting; but in terms of practicality, EWOD probably have higher potential for success but more experiments are needed to verify if can prevent biofilm adhesion besides the Teflon non-adhesive properties (including limitations as Teflon breakthrough, layer sensitivity) at incubation times larger than 24 hours.

Analisi di celle solari "back contact" mediante simulatore di reti elettriche distribuite basato su spice

Analisi di celle solari mediante simulatore di reti elettriche distribuite basato su Spice

Creativite langagiere et contact de langues: Le cas du langage sms et chat chez les jeunes camerounais

Résumé L’apparition de l’internet au Cameroun offre une réelle occasion d’échange, surtout pour les jeunes. Les innovations de la toile sont à considérer à plusieurs niveaux, les linguistes sous tous les cieux ont actuellement à débattre du langage SMS et CHAT, qui est, d’après (Dejond ,2002) « un mélange d’anglicisme, d’abréviation, de sigles et de rebus d’écriture phonétique. On écrit comme on parle. » Cette forme d’écriture facile à transcrire est éloignée des normes orthographiques et grammaticales du français standard. En effet, le langage SMS et CHAT des jeunes camerounais n’obéit qu’à la norme dictée par l’imagination de ses adeptes. Il se caractérise par des phénomènes comme la troncation, l’élision vocalique et consonantique ou l’agglutination à l’intérieur des mots. L’un des phénomènes les plus marquants est l’introduction des chiffres allant de 1 à 9 dans la graphie de certains mots. Ces écritures simplifiées nécessitent souvent l’intuition ou la compétence linguistique des lecteurs pour décrypter le message, le but étant l’interprétation du contenu. De plus, le type de message est strictement communicatif ou expressif et non normatif. Ainsi, l’essentiel est de faire passer un message. Les règles, les principes ou les contraintes qui gouvernent la transcription orthographique d’un mot français sont relégués au second plan. L’écriture texto employé par les jeunes camerounais cherche parcimonieusement à en dire le plus avec un minimum de caractère. Pour cela, on chatte entre amis, parents ou avec des connaissances éparpillée de part le monde qui naissent de ces rencontres virtuelles.

Thermally reduced Graphene Oxide: a well promising way to transparent flexible electrodes.

L'elaborato tratta dell'ottimizzazione del processo di riduzione termica dell'ossido di grafene in termini di conduttività e trasmittanza ottica. Definiti gli standard di deposizione tramite spin-coating e riduzione termica, i film prodotti vengono caratterizzati tramite XPS, AFM, UPS, TGA, ne vengono testate la conducibilità, con e senza effetto di gate, e la trasmittanza ottica, ne si misura l'elasticità tramite spettroscopia di forza, tutto al fine di comprendere l'evoluzione del processo termico di riduzione e di individuare i parametri migliori al fine di progredire verso la produzione di elettrodi flessibili e trasparenti a base di grafen ossido ridotto.