Numerical simulation of interdigitated back contact hetero-junction solar cells

The goal of this thesis is the application of an opto-electronic numerical simulation to heterojunction silicon solar cells featuring an all back contact architecture (Interdigitated Back Contact Hetero-Junction IBC-HJ). The studied structure exhibits both metal contacts, emitter and base, at the back surface of the cell with the objective to reduce the optical losses due to the shadowing by front contact of conventional photovoltaic devices. Overall, IBC-HJ are promising low-cost alternatives to monocrystalline wafer-based solar cells featuring front and back contact schemes, in fact, for IBC-HJ the high concentration doping diffusions are replaced by low-temperature deposition processes of thin amorphous silicon layers. Furthermore, another advantage of IBC solar cells with reference to conventional architectures is the possibility to enable a low-cost assembling of photovoltaic modules, being all contacts on the same side. A preliminary extensive literature survey has been helpful to highlight the specific critical aspects of IBC-HJ solar cells as well as the state-of-the-art of their modeling, processing and performance of practical devices. In order to perform the analysis of IBC-HJ devices, a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulation flow has been set up. A commercial device simulator based on finite-difference method to solve numerically the whole set of equations governing the electrical transport in semiconductor materials (Sentuarus Device by Synopsys) has been adopted. The first activity carried out during this work has been the definition of a 2-D geometry corresponding to the simulation domain and the specification of the electrical and optical properties of materials. In order to calculate the main figures of merit of the investigated solar cells, the spatially resolved photon absorption rate map has been calculated by means of an optical simulator. Optical simulations have been performed by using two different methods depending upon the geometrical features of the front interface of the solar cell: the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the raytracing (RT). The first method allows to model light prop-agation by plane waves within one-dimensional spatial domains under the assumption of devices exhibiting stacks of parallel layers with planar interfaces. In addition, TMM is suitable for the simulation of thin multi-layer anti reflection coating layers for the reduction of the amount of reflected light at the front interface. Raytracing is required for three-dimensional optical simulations of upright pyramidal textured surfaces which are widely adopted to significantly reduce the reflection at the front surface. The optical generation profiles are interpolated onto the electrical grid adopted by the device simulator which solves the carriers transport equations coupled with Poisson and continuity equations in a self-consistent way. The main figures of merit are calculated by means of a postprocessing of the output data from device simulation. After the validation of the simulation methodology by means of comparison of the simulation result with literature data, the ultimate efficiency of the IBC-HJ architecture has been calculated. By accounting for all optical losses, IBC-HJ solar cells result in a theoretical maximum efficiency above 23.5% (without texturing at front interface) higher than that of both standard homojunction crystalline silicon (Homogeneous Emitter HE) and front contact heterojuction (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer HIT) solar cells. However it is clear that the criticalities of this structure are mainly due to the defects density and to the poor carriers transport mobility in the amorphous silicon layers. Lastly, the influence of the most critical geometrical and physical parameters on the main figures of merit have been investigated by applying the numerical simulation tool set-up during the first part of the present thesis. Simulations have highlighted that carrier mobility and defects level in amorphous silicon may lead to a potentially significant reduction of the conversion efficiency.

La misura dell'impedenza locale con tecnologia Contact nello studio elettrofisiologico

Questo lavoro di Tesi Magistrale, si focalizza sulla più importante delle aritmie atriali, ovvero la Fibrillazione Atriale, e sul trattamento della stessa attraverso le procedure di ablazione a radio frequenza (RF). Il lavoro di tesi, svolto presso l'Ospedale 'M. Bufalini' di Cesena, affronta in particolare l'uso della tecnologia EnSite NavX (un sistema di mappaggio elettroanatomico delle cavità cardiache) ed EnSite Contact (un sistema basato sulla misura dell'impedenza locale per la valutazione del contatto elettrodo tessuto). L'acquisizione e l'analisi dei dati di ECI (indice di accoppiamento elettrico), forniti dal modulo Contact, hanno permesso di comprendere come questo parametro, derivato dalla misura dell'impedenza locale, possa contribuire a fornire importanti informazioni in real-time all'elettrofisiologo e come lo studio della sua dinamica, con particolare attenzione alle variazioni tra pre e post ablazione, possa risultare utile per verificare l'avvenuta erogazione di energia ai tessuti.

Analisi di celle solari "back contact" mediante simulatore di reti elettriche distribuite basato su spice

Analisi di celle solari mediante simulatore di reti elettriche distribuite basato su Spice

Creativite langagiere et contact de langues: Le cas du langage sms et chat chez les jeunes camerounais

Résumé L’apparition de l’internet au Cameroun offre une réelle occasion d’échange, surtout pour les jeunes. Les innovations de la toile sont à considérer à plusieurs niveaux, les linguistes sous tous les cieux ont actuellement à débattre du langage SMS et CHAT, qui est, d’après (Dejond ,2002) « un mélange d’anglicisme, d’abréviation, de sigles et de rebus d’écriture phonétique. On écrit comme on parle. » Cette forme d’écriture facile à transcrire est éloignée des normes orthographiques et grammaticales du français standard. En effet, le langage SMS et CHAT des jeunes camerounais n’obéit qu’à la norme dictée par l’imagination de ses adeptes. Il se caractérise par des phénomènes comme la troncation, l’élision vocalique et consonantique ou l’agglutination à l’intérieur des mots. L’un des phénomènes les plus marquants est l’introduction des chiffres allant de 1 à 9 dans la graphie de certains mots. Ces écritures simplifiées nécessitent souvent l’intuition ou la compétence linguistique des lecteurs pour décrypter le message, le but étant l’interprétation du contenu. De plus, le type de message est strictement communicatif ou expressif et non normatif. Ainsi, l’essentiel est de faire passer un message. Les règles, les principes ou les contraintes qui gouvernent la transcription orthographique d’un mot français sont relégués au second plan. L’écriture texto employé par les jeunes camerounais cherche parcimonieusement à en dire le plus avec un minimum de caractère. Pour cela, on chatte entre amis, parents ou avec des connaissances éparpillée de part le monde qui naissent de ces rencontres virtuelles.

Measurement of LSP-induced residual stresses and fatigue life on thin-walled aluminium alloys specimens

This thesis work encloses activities carried out in the Laser Center of the Polytechnic University of Madrid and the laboratories of the University of Bologna in Forlì. This thesis focuses on the superficial mechanical treatment for metallic materials called Laser Shock Peening (LSP). This process is a surface enhancement treatment which induces a significant layer of beneficial compressive residual stresses underneath the surface of metal components in order to improve the detrimental effects of the crack growth behavior rate in it. The innovation aspect of this work is the LSP application to specimens with extremely low thickness. In particular, after a bibliographic study and comparison with the main treatments used for the same purposes, this work analyzes the physics of the operation of a laser, its interaction with the surface of the material and the generation of the surface residual stresses which are fundamentals to obtain the LSP benefits. In particular this thesis work regards the application of this treatment to some Al2024-T351 specimens with low thickness. Among the improvements that can be obtained performing this operation, the most important in the aeronautic field is the fatigue life improvement of the treated components. As demonstrated in this work, a well-done LSP treatment can slow down the progress of the defects in the material that could lead to sudden failure of the structure. A part of this thesis is the simulation of this phenomenon using the program AFGROW, with which have been analyzed different geometric configurations of the treatment, verifying which was better for large panels of typical aeronautical interest. The core of the LSP process are the residual stresses that are induced on the material by the interaction with the laser light, these can be simulated with the finite elements but it is essential to verify and measure them experimentally. In the thesis are introduced the main methods for the detection of those stresses, they can be mechanical or by diffraction. In particular, will be described the principles and the detailed realization method of the Hole Drilling measure and an introduction of the X-ray Diffraction; then will be presented the results I obtained with both techniques. In addition to these two measurement techniques will also be introduced Neutron Diffraction method. The last part refers to the experimental tests of the fatigue life of the specimens, with a detailed description of the apparatus and the procedure used from the initial specimen preparation to the fatigue test with the press. Then the obtained results are exposed and discussed.

Numerical evaluation of material model and thickness effect on LSP induced residual stresses

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a technological process used to improve mechanical properties in metallic components. When a short and intense laser pulse irradiates a metallic surface, high pressure plasma is generated on the treated surface; elasto-plastic waves, then, propagate inside the target and create plastic strain. This surface treatment induces a deep compressive residual stresses field on the treated area and through the thickness; such compressive residual stress is expected to increase the fatigue resistance, and reduce the detrimental effects of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.

Numerical simulations of the effects of residual stresses in adhesively bonded composite specimen

In this work the problem of performing a numerical simulation of quasi-static crack propagation within an adhesive layer of a bonded joint under Mode I loading affected by stress field changes due to thermal-chemical shrinkage induced by cure process is addressed. Secondly, a parametric study on fracture critical energy, cohesive strength and Young's modulus is performed. Finally, a particular case of adhesive layer stiffening is simulated in order to verify qualitatively the major effect.