A Phase Space Box-counting based Method for Arrhythmia Prediction from Electrocardiogram Time Series

Arrhythmia is one kind of cardiovascular diseases that give rise to the number of deaths and potentially yields immedicable danger. Arrhythmia is a life threatening condition originating from disorganized propagation of electrical signals in heart resulting in desynchronization among different chambers of the heart. Fundamentally, the synchronization process means that the phase relationship of electrical activities between the chambers remains coherent, maintaining a constant phase difference over time. If desynchronization occurs due to arrhythmia, the coherent phase relationship breaks down resulting in chaotic rhythm affecting the regular pumping mechanism of heart. This phenomenon was explored by using the phase space reconstruction technique which is a standard analysis technique of time series data generated from nonlinear dynamical system. In this project a novel index is presented for predicting the onset of ventricular arrhythmias. Analysis of continuously captured long-term ECG data recordings was conducted up to the onset of arrhythmia by the phase space reconstruction method, obtaining 2-dimensional images, analysed by the box counting method. The method was tested using the ECG data set of three different kinds including normal (NR), Ventricular Tachycardia (VT), Ventricular Fibrillation (VF), extracted from the Physionet ECG database. Statistical measures like mean (μ), standard deviation (σ) and coefficient of variation (σ/μ) for the box-counting in phase space diagrams are derived for a sliding window of 10 beats of ECG signal. From the results of these statistical analyses, a threshold was derived as an upper bound of Coefficient of Variation (CV) for box-counting of ECG phase portraits which is capable of reliably predicting the impeding arrhythmia long before its actual occurrence. As future work of research, it was planned to validate this prediction tool over a wider population of patients affected by different kind of arrhythmia, like atrial fibrillation, bundle and brunch block, and set different thresholds for them, in order to confirm its clinical applicability.

Analisi della stabilità motoria durante il cammino: come gli indici di variabilità e stabilità dell'accelerazione del centro di massa sono influenzati da processi cognitivi (dual-task)

La valutazione strumentale del cammino è solitamente svolta chiedendo ai soggetti semplicemente di camminare (ST). Tale condizione non rappresenta la quotidianità. Infatti, nella vita di tutti i giorni la locomozione richiede di adattarsi alle necessità individuali e il coinvolgimento di attività cognitive. I paradigmi di Dual-Task (DT) sono utilizzati per valutare i cambiamenti nella strategia di controllo del cammino in situazioni di vita quotidiana. In particolare, gli indici di performance, di variabilità e di stabilità, utilizzati nella valutazione del controllo motorio, potrebbero essere utili per valutare le interferenze cognitive durante il cammino. L’obiettivo del lavoro è di valutare come tali indici cambiano durante il Dual-Task. Sono stati reclutati 16 studenti, giovani e sani, della Facoltà di Ingegneria Biomedica di Cesena, ai quali è stato chiesto di compiere un cammino rettilineo di 250 m, senza ostacoli, all’aperto, in due condizioni: svolgendo la sola attività di cammino (ST); aggiungendo al precedente task, una sottrazione consecutiva di 7 ad alta voce, partendo da un numero casuale (DT). Tramite tre sensori inerziali tri-assiali, posti sul tronco (L5) e sulle caviglie, sono stati acquisiti i segnali di accelerazione e velocità angolare. Dopo aver calcolato, a partire da tali dati, indici di performance (numero di passi, cadence, velocità e tempo di esecuzione del test), di variabilità (Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation, Index of the Variance, Nonstationary Index, Poincare 4 Plots) e di stabilità (Harmonic Ratio e Index of Harmonicity), nelle due condizioni (ST e DT), è stata eseguita un’analisi statistica tra i due task. Le analisi statistiche condotte su tali indici hanno evidenziato che il DT influenza prevalentemente gli indici di performance (numero di passi, cadence, velocità e tempo di esecuzione del test) e in grado minore gli indici di variabilità e stabilità.

Spatio-temporal variation of macrofaunal assemblages in the deep Blanes submarine canyon

The spatio-temporal variations in diversity and abundance of deep-sea macrofaunal assemblages (excluding meiofaunal taxa, as Nematoda, Copepoda and Ostracoda) from the Blanes Canyon (BC) and adjacent open slope are described. The Catalan Sea basin is characterized by the presence of numerous submarine canyons, which are globally acknowledged as biodiversity hot-spots, due to their disturbance regime and incremented conveying of organic matter. This area is subjected to local deep-sea fisheries activities, and to recurrent cold water cascading events from the shelf. The upper canyon (~900 m), middle slope (~1200 m) and lower slope (~1500 m) habitats were investigated during three different months (October 2008, May 2009 and September 2009). A total of 624 specimens belonging to 16 different taxa were found into 67 analyzed samples, which had been collected from the two study areas. Of these, Polychaeta, Mollusca and Crustacea were always the most abundant groups. As expected, the patterns of species diversity and evenness were different in time and space. Both in BC and open slope, taxa diversity and abundance are higher in the shallowest depth and lowest at -1500 m depth. This is probably due to different trophic regimes at these depths. The abundance of filter-feeders is higher inside BC than in the adjacent open slope, which is also related with an increment of predator polychaetes. Surface deposit-feeders are more abundant in the open slope than in BC, along with a decrement of filter-feeders and their predators. Probably these differences are due to higher quantities of suspended organic matter reaching the canyon. The multivariate analyses conducted on major taxa point out major differences effective taxa richness between depths and stations. In September 2009 the analyzed communities double their abundances, with a corresponding increase in richness of taxa. This could be related to a mobilizing event, like the release of accumulated food-supply in a nepheloid layer associated to the arrival of autumn. The highest abundance in BC is detected in the shallowest depth and in late summer (September), probably due to higher food availability caused by stronger flood events coming from Tordera River. The effects of such events seemed to involve adjacent open slope too. The nMDS conducted on major taxa abundance shows a slight temporal difference between the three campaigns samples, with a clear clustering between samples of Sept 09. All depth and all months were dominated by Polychaeta, which have been identified to family level and submitted to further analysis. Family richness have clearly minimum at the -1200 m depth of BC, highlighting the presence of a general impact affecting the populations in the middle slope. Three different matrices have been created, each with a different taxonomic level (All Taxa “AT”, Phylum Level “PL” and Polychaeta Families “PF”). Multivariate analysis (MDS, SIMPER) conducted on PL matrix showed a clear spatial differences between stations (BC and open slope) and depths. MDSs conducted on other two matrices (AT and PF) showed similar patterns, but different from PL analysis. A 2 nd stage analysis have been conducted to understand differences between different taxonomic levels, and PL level has been chosen as the most representative of variation. The faunal differences observed were explained by depth, station and season. All work has been accomplished in the Centre d’estudis avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), within the framework of Spanish PROMETEO project "Estudio Integrado de Cañones y Taludes PROfundos del MEdiTErráneo Occidental: un hábitat esencial", Ref. CTM2007-66316-C02- 01/MAR.