7 resultados para Bulk hetero-junction
em AMS Tesi di Laurea - Alm@DL - Università di Bologna
Resumo:
The goal of this thesis is the application of an opto-electronic numerical simulation to heterojunction silicon solar cells featuring an all back contact architecture (Interdigitated Back Contact Hetero-Junction IBC-HJ). The studied structure exhibits both metal contacts, emitter and base, at the back surface of the cell with the objective to reduce the optical losses due to the shadowing by front contact of conventional photovoltaic devices. Overall, IBC-HJ are promising low-cost alternatives to monocrystalline wafer-based solar cells featuring front and back contact schemes, in fact, for IBC-HJ the high concentration doping diffusions are replaced by low-temperature deposition processes of thin amorphous silicon layers. Furthermore, another advantage of IBC solar cells with reference to conventional architectures is the possibility to enable a low-cost assembling of photovoltaic modules, being all contacts on the same side. A preliminary extensive literature survey has been helpful to highlight the specific critical aspects of IBC-HJ solar cells as well as the state-of-the-art of their modeling, processing and performance of practical devices. In order to perform the analysis of IBC-HJ devices, a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulation flow has been set up. A commercial device simulator based on finite-difference method to solve numerically the whole set of equations governing the electrical transport in semiconductor materials (Sentuarus Device by Synopsys) has been adopted. The first activity carried out during this work has been the definition of a 2-D geometry corresponding to the simulation domain and the specification of the electrical and optical properties of materials. In order to calculate the main figures of merit of the investigated solar cells, the spatially resolved photon absorption rate map has been calculated by means of an optical simulator. Optical simulations have been performed by using two different methods depending upon the geometrical features of the front interface of the solar cell: the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the raytracing (RT). The first method allows to model light prop-agation by plane waves within one-dimensional spatial domains under the assumption of devices exhibiting stacks of parallel layers with planar interfaces. In addition, TMM is suitable for the simulation of thin multi-layer anti reflection coating layers for the reduction of the amount of reflected light at the front interface. Raytracing is required for three-dimensional optical simulations of upright pyramidal textured surfaces which are widely adopted to significantly reduce the reflection at the front surface. The optical generation profiles are interpolated onto the electrical grid adopted by the device simulator which solves the carriers transport equations coupled with Poisson and continuity equations in a self-consistent way. The main figures of merit are calculated by means of a postprocessing of the output data from device simulation. After the validation of the simulation methodology by means of comparison of the simulation result with literature data, the ultimate efficiency of the IBC-HJ architecture has been calculated. By accounting for all optical losses, IBC-HJ solar cells result in a theoretical maximum efficiency above 23.5% (without texturing at front interface) higher than that of both standard homojunction crystalline silicon (Homogeneous Emitter HE) and front contact heterojuction (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer HIT) solar cells. However it is clear that the criticalities of this structure are mainly due to the defects density and to the poor carriers transport mobility in the amorphous silicon layers. Lastly, the influence of the most critical geometrical and physical parameters on the main figures of merit have been investigated by applying the numerical simulation tool set-up during the first part of the present thesis. Simulations have highlighted that carrier mobility and defects level in amorphous silicon may lead to a potentially significant reduction of the conversion efficiency.
Resumo:
Nel presente lavoro di tesi magistrale sono stati depositati e caratterizzati film sottili (circa 10 nm) di silicio amorfo idrogenato (a-Si:H), studiando in particolare leghe a basso contenuto di ossigeno e carbonio. Tali layer andranno ad essere implementati come strati di passivazione per wafer di Si monocristallino in celle solari ad eterogiunzione HIT (heterojunctions with intrinsic thin layer), con le quali recentemente è stato raggiunto il record di efficienza pari a 24.7% . La deposizione è avvenuta mediante PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition). Tecniche di spettroscopia ottica, come FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) e SE (spettroscopic ellipsometry) sono state utilizzate per analizzare le configurazioni di legami eteronucleari (Si-H, Si-O, Si-C) e le proprietà strutturali dei film sottili: un nuovo metodo è stato implementato per calcolare i contenuti atomici di H, O e C da misure ottiche. In tal modo è stato possibile osservare come una bassa incorporazione (< 10%) di ossigeno e carbonio sia sufficiente ad aumentare la porosità ed il grado di disordine a lungo raggio del materiale: relativamente a quest’ultimo aspetto, è stata sviluppata una nuova tecnica per determinare dagli spettri ellisometrici l’energia di Urbach, che esprime la coda esponenziale interna al gap in semiconduttori amorfi e fornisce una stima degli stati elettronici in presenza di disordine reticolare. Nella seconda parte della tesi sono stati sviluppati esperimenti di annealing isocrono, in modo da studiare i processi di cristallizzazione e di effusione dell’idrogeno, correlandoli con la degradazione delle proprietà optoelettroniche. L’analisi dei differenti risultati ottenuti studiando queste particolari leghe (a-SiOx e a-SiCy) ha permesso di concludere che solo con una bassa percentuale di ossigeno o carbonio, i.e. < 3.5 %, è possibile migliorare la risposta termica dello specifico layer, ritardando i fenomeni di degradazione di circa 50°C.
Resumo:
Negli ultimi anni sono stati sintetizzati numerosi oligomeri e polimeri del tiofene che, grazie alle loro proprietà di semiconduttori, hanno trovano largo impiego in molti campi di interesse tecnologico come, ad esempio, transistor ad effetto di campo, diodi elettroluminescenti, dispositivi ottici non lineari e celle fotovoltaiche. Più recentemente, oligomeri tiofenici ossidati allo zolfo hanno trovato applicazione sia in campo elettronico, come materiali accettori in blenda con il poli(3-esiltiofene) (P3HT) usato come materiale donatore, in celle solari di tipo Bulk Hetero Junction (BHJ), ma anche in campo biologico come marcatori fluorescenti di proteine e oligonucleotidi. Tuttavia la sintesi di queste specie richiede condizioni di reazione spinte e al contempo rischiose dovute all’utilizzo in largo eccesso di agenti ossidanti molto forti. Uno degli obiettivi di questa tesi è stato lo sviluppo di metodi più versatili per la mono e di-ossidazione selettiva allo zolfo del tiofene di building-blocks dibromurati di diversa natura. Successivamente i building-blocks S-monossido e S,S-diossido derivati sono stati impiegati per la sintesi di oligomeri e polimeri tramite reazioni di cross-coupling Palladio catalizzate. I composti finali sono stati caratterizzati sia dal punto di vista spettroscopico UV-Vis che elettrochimico, mettendo in evidenza le relazioni che esistono fra gli andamenti dei dati sperimentali ottenuti con il diverso stato di ossidazione dei composti tiofenici diversamente sostituiti. Infine i composti finali sono stati testati sia in campo fotovoltaico che biologico.
Resumo:
In questa tesi viene descritto lo studio delle fasi liquido-cristalline del 4-n-ottil-4-cianobifenile eseguito tramite simulazioni al calcolatore molecular dynamics, sia per campioni bulk che per film smectici sottili. Impiegando un campo di forze "molecular mechanics" precedentemente usato con successo per studiare sistemi composti da 250 molecole della serie degli n-cianobifenili (nCB, con n pari a 4-8 atomi di carbonio nella catena alifatica), si è simulato il comportamento di un sistema bulk di 750 molecole e di un film smectico di 1500 molecole. Nel primo caso, sottoponendo il campione a un graduale raffreddamento, si è osservata la formazione spontanea di fasi ordinate quali quella nematica e quella smectica. Nel secondo caso, invece, si è studiata l'influenza dell'interfaccia con il vuoto sull'ordine posizionale e orientazionale di film sottili di diverso spessore e temperatura. Si sono confrontate le proprietà di entrambi i sistemi simulati con i dati sperimentali disponibili in letteratura, confermando la bontà del modello nel riprodurre fedelmente le caratteristiche dei campioni reali.
Resumo:
One of the most diffused electronic device is the field effect transistor (FET), contained in number of billions in each electronic device. Organic optoelectronics is an emerging field that exploits the unique properties of conjugated organic materials to develop new applications that require a combination of performance, low cost and processability. Organic single crystals are the material with best performances and purity among the variety of different form of organic semiconductors. This thesis is focused on electrical and optical characterization of Rubrene single crystal bulk and thin films. Rubrene bulk is well known but for the first time we studied thin films. The first Current-voltage characterization has been performed for the first time on three Rubrene thin films with three different thickness to extract the charge carriers mobility and to assess its crystalline structure. As results we see that mobility increase with thickness. Field effect transistor based on Rubrene thin films on $SiO_2$ have been characterize by current-voltage (I-V) analyses (at several temperatures) and reveals a hopping conduction. Hopping behavior probably is due to the lattice mismatch with the substrate or intrinsic defectivity of the thin films. To understand effects of contact resistance we tested thin films with the Transmission Line Method (TLM) method. The TLM method revealeds that contact resistance is negligible but evidenced a Schottky behavior in a limited but well determined range of T. To avoid this effect we carried out annealing treatment after the electrode evaporation iswe performed a compete I-V characterization as a function of in temperature to extract the electronic density of states (DOS) distribution through the Space Charge Limited Current (SCLC) method. The results show a DOS with an exponential trenddistribution, as expected. The measured mobility of thin films is about 0.1cm^2/Vs and it increases with the film thickness. Further studies are necessary to investigate the reason and improve performances. From photocurrent spectrum we calculated an Eg of about 2.2eV and both thin films and bulk have a good crystal order. Further measurement are necessary to solve some open problems
Resumo:
The aim of Tissue Engineering is to develop biological substitutes that will restore lost morphological and functional features of diseased or damaged portions of organs. Recently computer-aided technology has received considerable attention in the area of tissue engineering and the advance of additive manufacture (AM) techniques has significantly improved control over the pore network architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds. To regenerate tissues more efficiently, an ideal scaffold should have appropriate porosity and pore structure. More sophisticated porous configurations with higher architectures of the pore network and scaffolding structures that mimic the intricate architecture and complexity of native organs and tissues are then required. This study adopts a macro-structural shape design approach to the production of open porous materials (Titanium foams), which utilizes spatial periodicity as a simple way to generate the models. From among various pore architectures which have been studied, this work simulated pore structure by triply-periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) for the construction of tissue engineering scaffolds. TPMS are shown to be a versatile source of biomorphic scaffold design. A set of tissue scaffolds using the TPMS-based unit cell libraries was designed. TPMS-based Titanium foams were meant to be printed three dimensional with the relative predicted geometry, microstructure and consequently mechanical properties. Trough a finite element analysis (FEA) the mechanical properties of the designed scaffolds were determined in compression and analyzed in terms of their porosity and assemblies of unit cells. The purpose of this work was to investigate the mechanical performance of TPMS models trying to understand the best compromise between mechanical and geometrical requirements of the scaffolds. The intention was to predict the structural modulus in open porous materials via structural design of interconnected three-dimensional lattices, hence optimising geometrical properties. With the aid of FEA results, it is expected that the effective mechanical properties for the TPMS-based scaffold units can be used to design optimized scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Regardless of the influence of fabrication method, it is desirable to calculate scaffold properties so that the effect of these properties on tissue regeneration may be better understood.
Resumo:
L’oggetto della presente tesi di laurea magistrale consiste nello studio di polimeri coniugati nella catena principale, per una loro applicazione come materiali fotoattivi in celle fotovoltaiche. In particolare, sono stati sintetizzati e caratterizzati politiofeni tioalchil sostituiti, funzionalizzati in posizione 3-3' con catene alchiliche di diversa lunghezza e grado di ramificazione (tra cui una chirale), al fine di studiarne l'effetto sulle proprietà ottiche ed elettriche del materiale. I polimeri ottenuti sono stati caratterizzati mediante tecniche spettroscopiche (1H-NMR, UV-PL), cromatografia a permeazione su gel (GPC), analisi termiche (DSC, TGA) e misure elettrochimiche (voltammetria ciclica). Il comportamento chiro-ottico del campione chirale è stato inoltre valutato tramite misure di dicroismo circolare. Si è infine testata l’efficienza delle celle fotovoltaiche ottenute utilizzando i polimeri sintetizzati come materiale fotoattivo.