Studio sull'evoluzione temporale degli impatti di un impianto di trattamento di rifiuti organici mediante metodologia LCA

Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di valutare come sono variati gli impatti dell’impianto di compostaggio Romagna Compost a seguito dell’intervento di ampliamento e adeguamento, che ha portato ad un’evoluzione impiantistica notevole: dal processo di compostaggio tradizionale ad un sistema integrato anaerobico-aerobico. Per fare ciò si è scelto di utilizzare la metodologia di valutazione del ciclo di vita Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Il vantaggio di questa analisi, è quello di riuscire a considerare tutti gli aspetti del ciclo di vita dei diversi sotto-processi considerati, dal compostaggio vero e proprio, all’utilizzo di reagenti, combustibili e materiali ausiliari, dal trasporto e smaltimento dei flussi di rifiuti finali al recupero energetico. A tal proposito si è rivelata utile una ricerca bibliografica per individuare studi LCA applicati al campo d’interesse.Inoltre, è stato effettuato un riesame delle tecnologie utilizzate negli impianti di recupero dei rifiuti organici e del concetto di Best Available Techniques (BAT). Mediante l’analisi di inventario, è stato studiato in maniera approfondita l’impianto e le attività svolte al suo interno. Per quanto riguarda la valutazione degli impatti, eseguita con il metodo Recipe 2014, è stato preso in esame il periodo temporale dal 2007 al 2013, esaminando tutti gli anni di funzionamento. Nello specifico, ci si è posto l’obiettivo di valutare se e quanto l’introduzione del sistema di recupero energetico abbia portato ad un reale miglioramento del processo con una diminuzione complessiva degli impatti. Nella seconda fase dello studio, sono stati estesi i confini del sistema per valutare gli impatti associati al trasporto del rifiuto dal luogo di raccolta all’impianto Romagna Compost e alla diversa gestione dei rifiuti nell’ambito nazionale. La modellazione è stata effettuata con il programma di calcolo SimaPro e il database Ecoinvent, Infine, per convalidare i dati ottenuti è stato effettuata un’analisi di incertezza mediante il metodo Monte Carlo.

Defects in thermosensitive colloidal crystals

Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) colloidal particles form crystal phases that show a thermosensitive behaviour and can be used as atomic model systems. This polymer has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic character and has interesting stimuli-responsive properties in aqueous solution, of which the most important is the temperature response. Above a certain temperature, called Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST), the system undergoes a volume phase transition (VPT). Above the LCST, the water is expelled from the polymer network and the swollen state at low temperature transforms into a shrunken state at high temperature. The thermoresponsive behaviour of PNIPAM can be influenced by pH and ionic strength, as well as by the presence of copolymers, such as acrylic acid. In a system formed both by particles of PNIPAM and PNIPAM doped with acrylic acid, one can control the size ratio of the two components by changing the temperature of the mixture, while keeping particle interactions relatively the same. It is therefore possible to obtain thermoresponsive colloidal crystal in which temperature changes induce defects whose formation processes and dynamics can be analysed in an optical microscope at a convenient spatial and temporal scale. The goal of this thesis project was to find the conditions in which such a system could be formed, by using characterization techniques such as Static Light Scattering, Dynamic Light Scattering and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Two PNIPAM-AAc systems were available, and after characterization it was possible to select a suitable one, on the basis of its low polydispersity and the lack of a VPT, regardless of the external conditions (system JPN_7). The synthesis of a PNIPAM system was attempted, with particles of dimensions matching the JPN_7 system and, unlike JPN_7, displaying a VPT, and one suitable candidate for the mixed system was finally found (system CB_5). The best conditions to obtain thermoresponsive crystal were selected, and the formation and healing of defects were investigated with CLSM temperature scans. The obtained results show that the approach is the correct one and that the present report could represent a useful start for future developments in defect analysis and defect dynamics studies.

Waste management in Forlì-Cesena province: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Forlì incinerator

This work assesses the environmental impact of a municipal solid waste incinerator with energy recovery in Forlì-Cesena province (Emilia-Romagna region, Italy). The methodology used is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). As the plant already applies the best technologies available in waste treatment, this study focuses on the fate of the residues (bottom and fly ash) produced during combustion. Nine scenarios are made, based on different ash treatment disposing/recycling techniques. The functional unit is the amount of waste incinerated in 2011. Boundaries are set from waste arrival in the plant to the disposal/recovery of the residues produced, with energy recovery. Only the operative period is considered. Software used is GaBi 4 and the LCIA method used is CML2001. The impact categories analyzed are: abiotic depletion, acidification, eutrophication, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming, human toxicity, ozone layer depletion, photochemical oxidant formation, terrestrial ecotoxicity and primary energy demand. Most of the data are taken from Herambiente. When primary data are not available, data from Ecoinvent and GaBi databases or literature data are used. The whole incineration process is sustainable, due to the relevant avoided impact given by co-generator. As far as regards bottom ash treatment, the most influential process is the impact savings from iron recovery. Bottom ash recycling in road construction or as building material are both valid alternatives, even if the first option faces legislative limits in Italy. Regarding fly ash inertization, the adding of cement and Ferrox treatment results the most feasible alternatives. However, this inertized fly ash can maintain its hazardous nature. The only method to ensure the stability of an inertized fly ash is to couple two different stabilization treatments. Ash stabilization technologies shall improve with the same rate of the flexibility of the national legislation about incineration residues recycling.