Dynamics of Bora wind over the Adriatic sea: atmospheric water balance and role of air-sea fluxes and orography

The Bora wind is a mesoscale phenomenon which typically affects the Adriatic Sea basin for several days each year, especially during winter. The Bora wind has been studied for its intense outbreak across the Dinaric Alps. The properties of the Bora wind are widely discussed in the literature and scientific papers usually focus on the eastern Adriatic coast where strong turbulence and severe gust intensity are more pronounced. However, the impact of the Bora wind can be significant also over Italy, not only in terms of wind speed instensity. Depending on the synoptic pressure pattern (cyclonic or anticyclonic Bora) and on the season, heavy snowfall, severe storms, storm surges and floods can occur along the Adriatic coast and on the windward flanks of the Apennines. In the present work five Bora cases that occurred in recent years have been selected and their evolution has been simulated with the BOLAM-MOLOCH model set, developed at ISAC-CNR in Bologna. Each case study has been addressed by a control run and by several sensitivity tests, performed with the purpose of better understanding the role played by air-sea latent and sensible heat fluxes. The tests show that the removal of the fluxes induces modifications in the wind approching the coast and a decrease of the total precipitation amount predicted over Italy. In order to assess the role of heat fluxes, further analysis has been carried out: column integrated water vapour fluxes have been computed along the Italian coastline and an atmospheric water balance has been evaluated inside a box volume over the Adriatic Sea. The balance computation shows that, although latent heat flux produces a significant impact on the precipitation field, its contribution to the balance is relatively minor. The most significant and lasting case study, that of February 2012, has been studied in more detail in order to explain the impressive drop in the total precipitation amount simulated in the sensitivity tests with removed heat fluxes with respect to the CNTRL run. In these experiments relative humidity and potential temperature distribution over different cross-sections have been examined. With respect to the CNTRL run a drier and more stable boundary layer, characterised by a more pronounced wind shear at the lower levels, has been observed to establish above the Adriatic Sea. Finally, in order to demonstrate that also the interaction of the Bora flow with the Apennines plays a crucial role, sensitivity tests varying the orography height have been considered. The results of such sensitivity tests indicate that the propagation of the Bora wind over the Adriatic Sea, and in turn its meteorological impact over Italy, is influenced by both the large air-sea heat fluxes and the interaction with the Apennines that decelerate the upstream flow.

Studio del metodo "systolic volume balance" per la stima non invasiva della portata media cardiaca

La portata media cardiaca, (cardiac output “CO”) è un parametro essenziale per una buona gestione dei pazienti o per il monitoraggio degli stessi durante la loro permanenza nell’unità di terapia intensiva. La stesura di questo elaborato prende spunto sull’articolo di Theodore G. Papaioannou, Orestis Vardoulis, and Nikos Stergiopulos dal titolo “ The “systolic volume balance” method for the non invasive estimation of cardiac output based on pressure wave analysis” pubblicato sulla rivista American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology nel Marzo 2012. Nel sopracitato articolo si propone un metodo per il monitoraggio potenzialmente non invasivo della portata media cardiaca, basato su principi fisici ed emodinamici, che usa l’analisi della forma d’onda di pressione e un metodo non invasivo di calibrazione e trova la sua espressione ultima nell’equazione Qsvb=(C*PPao)/(T-(Psm,aorta*ts)/Pm). Questa formula è stata validata dagli autori, con buoni risultati, solo su un modello distribuito della circolazione sistemica e non è ancora stato validato in vivo. Questo elaborato si pone come obiettivo quello di un’analisi critica di questa formula per la stima della portata media cardiaca Qsvb. La formula proposta nell'articolo verrà verificata nel caso in cui la circolazione sistemica sia approssimata con modelli di tipo windkessel. Dallo studio svolto emerge il fatto che la formula porta risultati con errori trascurabili solo se si approssima la circolazione sistemica con il modello windkessel classico a due elementi (WK2) e la portata aortica con un’onda rettangolare. Approssimando la circolazione sistemica con il modello windkessel a tre elementi (WK3), o descrivendo la portata aortica con un’onda triangolare si ottengono risultati con errori non più trascurabili che variano dal 7%-9% nel caso del WK2 con portata aortica approssimata con onda triangolare ad errori più ampi del 20% nei i casi del WK3 per entrambe le approssimazioni della portata aortica.