Effects of Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826) (Anthozoa: Plexauridae) forests on settlement of benthic species: an experimental approach

Rationale: Coralligenous habitat is considered the second most important subtidal “hot spot” of species diversity in the Mediterranean Sea after the Posidonia oceanica meadows. It can be defined as a typical Mediterranean biogenic hard bottom, mainly produced by the accumulation of calcareous encrusting algae that, together with other builder organisms, form a multidimensional framework with a high micro-spatial variability. The development of this habitat depends on physical factors (i.e. light, hydrodynamism, nutrients, etc.), but also biologic interactions can play a relevant role in structuring the benthic assemblages. This great environmental heterogeneity allows several different assemblages to coexist in a reduced space. One of the most beautiful is that characterised by the Mediterranean gorgonian Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826) that can contribute to above 40% of total biomass of the community and brings significant structural complexity into the coralligenous habitat. In sites moderately exposed to waves and currents, P. clavata can form high-density populations (up to 60 colonies m-2) between 20 – 70 m in depth. Being a suspension feeder, where it forms dense populations, P. clavata plays a significant role in transferring energy from planktonic to benthic system. The effects of the branched colonies of P. clavata could be comparable to those of the forests on land. They can affect the micro scale hydrodynamism and light, promoting or inhibiting the growth of other species. Unfortunately, gorgonians are threatened by several anthropogenic disturbance factors (i.e. fishing, pollution, tourism) and by climatic anomalies, linked to the global changes, that are responsible of thermal stress, development of mucilage and enhanced pathogens activity, leading to mass mortality events in last decades. Till now, the possible effects of gorgonian forest loss are largely unknown. Our goal was to analyse the ecological role of these sea fan forests on the coralligenous benthic assemblages. Experimental setup and main results: The influence of P. clavata in the settlement and recruitment of epibenthic organisms was analysed by a field experiment carried out in two randomly selected places: Tavolara island and Portofino promontory. The experiment consisted in recreate the presence and absence of the gorgonian forest on recruitment panels, arranged in four plots per type (forested and non-forested), interspersed each other, and deployed at the same depth. On every forested panel 3 gorgonian colonies about 20 cm height were grafted with the use of Eppendorf tubes and epoxy resin bicomponent simulating a density of 190 sea fans per m-2. This density corresponds to a mean biomass of 825 g DW m-2,3 which is of the same order of magnitude of the natural high-density populations. After about 4 months, the panels were collected and analysed in laboratory in order to estimate the percent cover of all the species that have colonized the substrata. The gorgonian forest effects were tested by multivariate and univariate permutational analyses of the variance (PERMANOVA). Recruited assemblages largely differed between the two study sites, probably due to different environmental conditions including water quality and turbidity. On overall, the presence of P. clavata reduced the settlement and recruitment of several algae: the shadow caused by the gorgonian might reduce light availability and therefore their growth. This effect might be greater in places where the waters are on average more clear, since at Portofino it is less visible and could be masked by the high turbidity of the water. The same pattern was registered for forams, more abundant outside gorgonian forest, probably linked with algal distribution, shadowing effect or alimentary competition. The last one hypothesis could be valid also for serpulids polychaetes that growth mainly on non-forested panels. An opposite trend, was showed by a species of bryozoan and by an hydroid that is facilitated by the presence of P. clavata, probably because it attenuates irradiance level and hydrodynamism. Species diversity was significantly reduced by the presence of P. clavata forests at both sites. This seems in contrast with what we expected, but the result may be influenced by the large algal component on non-forested panels. The analysis confirmed the presence of differences in the species diversity among plots and between sites respectively due to natural high variability of the coralligenous system and to different local environment conditions. The reduction of species diversity due to the presence of gorgonians appeared related to a worst evenness rather than to less species richness. With our experiment it is demonstrated that the presence of P. clavata forests can significantly alter local coralligenous assemblages patterns, promoting or inhibiting the recruitment of some species, modifying trophic relationships and adding heterogeneity and complexity to the habitat. Moreover, P. clavata could have a stabilising effect on the coralligenous assemblages.

Effetto di un packaging innovativo sulla qualità di nettarine

L’imballaggio alimentare si può definire come un sistema coordinato per disporre i beni per il trasporto, la distribuzione, la conservazione, la vendita e l’utilizzo. Uno dei materiali maggiormente impiegati, nell’industria alimentare, per la produzione di imballaggi sono le materie plastiche. Esse sono sostanze organiche derivanti da petrolio greggio, sono composti solidi allo stato finito, ma possono essere modellate allo stato fluido. Un imballaggio alimentare deve svolgere determinate funzioni tra cui: - contenimento del prodotto - protezione del prodotto da agenti esterni - logistica - comunicativa - funzionale - ecologica L'ultimo punto sopracitato è il principale problema delle materie plastiche derivanti dal petrolio greggio. Questi materiali sono difficilmente riciclabili perché spesso un imballaggio è composto da più materiali stratificati o perché si trova a diretto contatto con gli alimenti. Inoltre questi materiali hanno un lungo tempo di degradazione (da 100 a 1000 anni) che ne rendono difficile e costoso lo smaltimento. Per questo nell’ultimo decennio è cominciata la ricerca di un materiale plastico, flessibile alle esigenze industriali e nel contempo biodegradabile. Una prima idea è stata quella di “imitare la natura” cercando di replicare macromolecole già esistenti (derivate da amido e zuccheri) per ottenere una sostanza plastico-simile utilizzabile per gli stessi scopi, ma biodegradabile in circa sei mesi. Queste bioplastiche non hanno preso piede per l’alto costo di produzione e perché risulta impossibile riconvertire impianti di produzione in tutto il mondo in tempi brevi. Una seconda corrente di pensiero ha indirizzato i propri sforzi verso l’utilizzo di speciali additivi aggiunti in minima misura (1%) ai classici materiali plastici e che ne permettono la biodegradazione in un tempo inferiore ai tre anni. Un esempio di questo tipo di additivi è l’ECM Masterbatch Pellets che è un copolimero di EVA (etilene vinil acetato) che aggiunto alle plastiche tradizionali rende il prodotto finale completamente biodegradabile pur mantenendo le proprie caratteristiche. Scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato determinare le modificazioni di alcuni parametri qualitativi di nettarine di Romagna(cv.-Alexa®) confezionate-con-film-plastici-tradizionali-e-innovativi. I campioni di nettarine sono stati confezionati in cestini in plastica da 1 kg (sigillati con un film flow-pack macroforato) di tipo tradizionale in polipropilene (campione denominato TRA) o vaschette in polipropilene additivato (campione denominato BIO) e conservati a 4°C e UR 90-95% per 7 giorni per simulare un trasporto refrigerato successivamente i campioni sono stati posti in una camera a 20°C e U.R. 50% per 4 giorni al fine di simulare una conservazione al punto vendita. Al tempo 0 e dopo 4, 7, 9 e 11 giorni sono state effettuate le seguenti analisi: - coefficiente di respirazione è stato misurata la quantità di CO2 prodotta - indice di maturazione espresso come rapporto tra contenuto in solidi solubili e l’acidità titolabile - analisi di immagine computerizzata - consistenza della polpa del frutto è stata misurata attraverso un dinamometro Texture Analyser - contenuto in solidi totali ottenuto mediante gravimetria essiccando i campioni in stufa sottovuoto - caratteristiche sensoriali (Test Accettabilità) Conclusioni In base ai risultati ottenuti i due campioni non hanno fatto registrare dei punteggi significativamente differenti durante tutta la conservazione, specialmente per quanto riguarda i punteggi sensoriali, quindi si conclude che le vaschette biodegradabili additivate non influenzano la conservazione delle nettarine durante la commercializzazione del prodotto limitatamente ai parametri analizzati. Si ritiene opportuno verificare se il processo di degradazione del polimero additivato si inneschi già durante la commercializzazione della frutta e soprattutto verificare se durante tale processo vengano rilasciati dei gas che possono accelerare la maturazione dei frutti (p.e. etilene), in quanto questo spiegherebbe il maggiore tasso di respirazione e la più elevata velocità di maturazione dei frutti conservati in tali vaschette. Alimentary packaging may be defined as a coordinate system to dispose goods for transport, distribution, storage, sale and use. Among materials most used in the alimentary industry, for the production of packaging there are plastics materials. They are organic substances deriving from crude oil, solid compounds in the ended state, but can be moulded in the fluid state. Alimentary packaging has to develop determinated functions such as: - Product conteniment - Product protection from fieleders agents - logistic - communicative - functional - ecologic This last term is the main problem of plastic materials deriving from crude oil. These materials are hardly recyclable because a packaging is often composed by more stratified materials or because it is in direct contact with aliments. Beside these materials have a long degradation time(from 100 to 1000 years) that make disposal difficult and expensive. For this reason in the last decade the research for a new plastic material is begin, to make industrial demands more flexible and, at the same time, to make this material biodegradable: At first, the idea to “imitate the nature” has been thought, trying to reply macromolecules already existents (derived from amid and sugars) to obtain a similar-plastic substance that can be used for the same purposes, but it has to be biodegradable in about six months. These bioplastics haven’t more success bacause of the high production cost and because reconvert production facilities of all over the wolrd results impossible in short times. At second, the idea to use specials addictives has been thought. These addictives has been added in minim measure (1%) to classics plastics materials and that allow the biodegradation in a period of time under three years. An example of this kind of addictives is ECM Masterbatch Pellets which is a coplymer of EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) that, once it is added to tradizional plastics, make final product completely biodegradable however maintaining their own attributes. The objective of this thesis work has been to determinate modifications of some Romagna’s Nectarines’ (cv. Alexa®) qualitatives parameters which have been packaged-with traditional and innovative-plastic film. Nectarines’ samples have been packaged in plastic cages of 1 kg (sealed with a macro-drilled flow-pack film) of traditional type in polypropylene (sample named TRA) or trays in polypropylene with addictives (sample named BIO) and conservated at 4°C and UR 90-95% for 7 days to simulate a refrigerated transport. After that, samples have been put in a camera at 20°C and U.R. 50% for 4 days to simulate the conservation in the market point. At the time 0 and after 4, 7, 9 and 11 days have been done the following analaysis: - Respiration coefficient wherewith the amount CO2 producted has been misurated - Maturation index which is expressed as the ratio between solid soluble content and the titratable acidity - Analysis of computing images - Consistence of pulp of the fruit that has been measured through Texture Analyser Dynanometer - Content in total solids gotten throught gravimetry by the drying of samples in vacuum incubator - Sensorial characteristic (Panel Test) Consequences From the gotten results, the two samples have registrated no significative different scores during all the conservation, expecially about the sensorial scores, so it’s possible to conclude that addictived biodegradable trays don’t influence the Nectarines’ conservation during the commercialization of the product qualifiedly to analized parameters. It’s advised to verify if the degradation process of the addicted polymer may begin already during the commercialization of the fruit and in particular to verify if during this process some gases could be released which can accelerate the maturation of fruits (p.e. etylene), because all this will explain the great respiration rate and the high speed of the maturation of fruits conservated in these trays.