The role of paved surfaces in the Urban Heat Island phenomenon: Assessment of fundamental thermal parameters and finite element analysis for UHI mitigation

Nowadays the environmental issues and the climatic change play fundamental roles in the design of urban spaces. Our cities are growing in size, many times only following immediate needs without a long-term vision. Consequently, the sustainable development has become not only an ethical but also a strategic need: we can no longer afford an uncontrolled urban expansion. One serious effect of the territory industrialisation process is the increase of urban air and surfaces temperatures compared to the outlying rural surroundings. This difference in temperature is what constitutes an urban heat island (UHI). The purpose of this study is to provide a clarification on the role of urban surfacing materials in the thermal dynamics of an urban space, resulting in useful indications and advices in mitigating UHI. With this aim, 4 coloured concrete bricks were tested, measuring their emissivity and building up their heat release curves using infrared thermography. Two emissivity evaluation procedures were carried out and subsequently put in comparison. Samples performances were assessed, and the influence of the colour on the thermal behaviour was investigated. In addition, some external pavements were analysed. Albedo and emissivity parameters were evaluated in order to understand their thermal behaviour in different conditions. Surfaces temperatures were recorded in a one-day measurements campaign. ENVI-met software was used to simulate how the tested materials would behave in two typical urban scenarios: a urban canyon and a urban heat basin. Improvements they can carry to the urban microclimate were investigated. Emissivities obtained for the bricks ranged between 0.92 and 0.97, suggesting a limited influence of the colour on this parameter. Nonetheless, white concrete brick showed the best thermal performance, whilst the black one the worst; red and yellow ones performed pretty identical intermediate trends. De facto, colours affected the overall thermal behaviour. Emissivity parameter was measured in the outdoor work, getting (as expected) high values for the asphalts. Albedo measurements, conducted with a sunshine pyranometer, proved the improving effect given by the yellow paint in terms of solar reflection, and the bad influence of haze on the measurement accuracy. ENVI-met simulations gave a demonstration on the effectiveness in thermal improving of some tested materials. In particular, results showed good performances for white bricks and granite in the heat basin scenario, and painted concrete and macadam in the urban canyon scenario. These materials can be considered valuable solutions in UHI mitigation.

Analisi di morfologie carsiche o crio-carsiche in relazione alla mobilizzazione di fluidi nella regione di Arabia Terra, Marte.

This thesis tries to interpret the origin and evolution of karst-like forms present in Arabia Terra, a region of Mars that develops in the equatorial zone of the planet. The work has been carried out specifically in the craters Crommelin (4o 91’ N-10o 51’ E), 12000088 (3o 48’ N-1o 30’ E), NE 12000088 (4° 20’ N-2° 50’ E), C "2" (3° 54’ N-1° W), and in their surrounding areas. These craters contain layered deposits characterized by a high albedo and on which erosion is very pronounced. The area containing the craters is a plateau that has the same characteristics of albedo and texture. The preliminary morphological study has made use of instrumentation such as the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), in particular HiRISE images (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment), CTX (Context Camera) and CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometers for Mars). A regional geomorphological map has been drawn up containing the main morphotypes, and detailed geomorphological maps were prepared for different karst-like morphologies. The analysis of spectral data collected from CRISM instrumentation has allowed to identify the footprint of sulphate minerals in the external area. Data were collected for morphometric negative forms (karst-like) and positive forms (mud volcanoes, dikes and pingos). For the analysis of the relief forms DTMs (Digital Terrain Models) produced by the union of stereographic CTX couples or HiRISE were used. From the analysis of high-resolution images morphological footprints similar to periglacial environments have been identified, including the presence of patterned ground and polygonal cracks found all over the area of investigation, and relief structures similar to pingos present in the crater C "2". These observations allow us to imagine a geological past with a cold climate at the equator able to freeze the few fluids present in the Martian arid terrain. The development of karst-like landforms, on the other hand, can be attributed to a subsequent improval of the weather conditions that led to a normal climate regime for the equatorial areas, resulting in the degradation of the permafrost. The melt waters have thus allowed the partial dissolution of the sulphate layers. The karst-like forms look rather fresh suggesting them to be not that old.

Surface cloud radiative forcing from broadband radiation measurements on the Antarctic plateau

Surface based measurements systems play a key role in defining the ground truth for climate modeling and satellite product validation. The Italian-French station of Concordia is operative year round since 2005 at Dome C (75°S, 123°E, 3230 m) on the East Antarctic Plateau. A Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) site was deployed and became operational since January 2006 to measure downwelling components of the radiation budget, and successively was expanded in April 2007 to measure upwelling radiation. Hence, almost a decade of measurement is now available and suitable to define a statistically significant climatology for the radiation budget of Concordia including eventual trends, by specifically assessing the effects of clouds and water vapor on SW and LW net radiation. A well known and robust clear sky-id algorithm (Long and Ackerman, 2000) has been operationally applied on downwelling SW components to identify cloud free events and to fit a parametric equation to determine clear-sky reference along the Antarctic daylight periods (September to April). A new model for surface broadband albedo has been developed in order to better describe the features the area. Then, a novel clear-sky LW parametrization, based on a-priori assumption about inversion layer structure, combined with daily and annual oscillations of the surface temperature, have been adopted and validated. The longwave based method is successively exploited to extend cloud radiative forcing studies to nighttime period (winter). Results indicated inter-annual and intra-annual warming behaviour, i.e. 13.70 W/m2 on the average, specifically approaching neutral effect in summer, when SW CRF compensates LW CRF, and warming along the rest of the year due prevalentely to CRF induced on the LW component.