From 3,3,4,4-Tetraethoxybut-1-yne to furan derivatives

The starting material for this project was the highly functionalized compound 3,3,4,4- tetraethoxybut-1-yne (TEB) and it can be prepared from ethyl vinyl ether by a 4-steps synthesis. The third and the fourth step in TEB synthesis were sensitive to reaction conditions, so it was developed a strategy to try to optimize the third step and obtain TEB with higher yields. An approach, which tries to optimize also the fourth step, will be developed in further works. Several γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated acetylenic ketones can be prepared from 3,3,4,4- tetraethoxybut-1-yne. TEB and γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated acetylenic ketones have been previously synthesized in good yields using various reaction routes. In this work will be shown the synthesis of 1,1-diethoxy-5-hydroxyhex-3-yn-2-one, 1,1-diethoxy-5-hydroxyundec-3-yn-2-one and 1,1-diethoxy-5-hydroxydodec-3-yn-2-one, which will react with ethyl acetoacetate to give, respectively, ethyl 4-(3,3-diethoxy-2-oxopropyl)-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-carboxylate, ethyl 4-(3,3-diethoxy-2-oxopropyl)-5-hexyl-2-methylfuran-3-carboxylate and ethyl 4-(3,3-diethoxy-2-oxopropyl)- 5-heptyl-2-methylfuran-3-carboxylate furan derivatives. This thesis project was carried out during the year 2011, at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Bergen.

Addizioni organocatalitiche asimmetriche di 1,3-dicarbonili a orto-chinoni metidi. Un nuovo metodo per la sintesi di 3,4-diidrocumarine e 4h-cromeni otticamente attivi

Questa tesi descrive lo sviluppo di una nuova metodologia che prevede l’utilizzo degli orto-chinoni metidi (o-QMs) in reazioni organocatalitiche asimmetriche. A causa della loro elevata instabilità e reattività, gli o-QMs sono stati impiegati in trasformazioni di sintesi asimmetrica solo di recente. Il metodo sviluppato prevede l’utilizzo di catalizzatori bifunzionali in grado di promuovere la generazione in situ degli intermedi reattivi a partire dai rispettivi 2-solfonilalchil fenoli, tramite eliminazione di acido solfinico. L’utilizzo di condizioni blandamente basiche sia per generare gli o-QMs che per l’attivazione dei partner nucleofili, risulta innovativo e permette non solo di ovviare all’intrinseca instabilità di questi intermedi, ma anche di impiegarli efficacemente in reazioni organocatalitiche con una varietà di nucleofili, come, ad esempio, l’acido di Meldrum, il malononitrile e vari composti 1,3 dicarbonilici. Le reazioni catalitiche portano alla formazione di 3,4-diidrocumarine, 4H-cromeni e xantenoni enantioarricchiti. Alcuni di questi composti sono dei precursori sintetici di composti naturali o sintetici biologicamente attivi e per avvalorare questa metodologia sono state proposte le sintesi formali di tre composti di interesse biologico: la (R)-tolterodina (il principio attivo del farmaco antimuscarinico Detrol®), (S)-4-metossidalbergione (allergene della Dalbergia Nigra) and SB-209670 / SB-217242 (due potenti antagonisti dell’endotelina).

Towards NIR emission: 2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)pyridine as versatile ligand for the synthesis of two new families of cationic and neutral Ir(III) complexes.

In the last decades, cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes have drawn a large interest for their unique properties: they are excellent triplet state emitters, thus the emission is phosphorescent in nature; typically high quantum yields and good stability make them good candidates for luminescent materials. Moreover, through an opportune choice of the ligands, it is possible to tune the emission along the whole visible spectra. Thanks to these interesting features, Ir(III) complexes have found different applications in several areas of applied science, from OLEDs to bioimaging. In particular, regarding the second application, a remarkable red-shift in the emission is required, in order to minimize the problem of the tissue penetration and the possible damages for the organisms. With the aim of synthesizing a new family of NIR emitting Ir(III) complexes, we envisaged the possibility to use for the first time 2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)pyridine as bidentate ligand able to provide the required red-shift of the emission of the final complexes. Exploiting the versatility of the ligand, I prepared two different families of heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes. In detail, in the first case the 2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)pyridine was used as bis-chelating N^N ligand, leading to cationic complexes, while in the second case it was used as cyclometalating C^N ligand, giving neutral complexes. The structures of the prepared molecules have been characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the neutral complexes’ emissive properties have been measured: emission spectra have been recorded in solution at both room temperature and 77K, as well as in PMMA matrix. DFT calculation has then been performed and the obtained results have been compared to experimental ones.