Safety factors in sheet pile wall design: considerations by using traditional methods and FEM analysis

The purpose of the work is: define and calculate a factor of collapse related to traditional method to design sheet pile walls. Furthermore, we tried to find the parameters that most influence a finite element model representative of this problem. The text is structured in this way: from chapter 1 to 5, we analyzed a series of arguments which are usefull to understanding the problem, while the considerations mainly related to the purpose of the text are reported in the chapters from 6 to 10. In the first part of the document the following arguments are shown: what is a sheet pile wall, what are the codes to be followed for the design of these structures and what they say, how can be formulated a mathematical model of the soil, some fundamentals of finite element analysis, and finally, what are the traditional methods that support the design of sheet pile walls. In the chapter 6 we performed a parametric analysis, giving an answer to the second part of the purpose of the work. Comparing the results from a laboratory test for a cantilever sheet pile wall in a sandy soil, with those provided by a finite element model of the same problem, we concluded that:in modelling a sandy soil we should pay attention to the value of cohesion that we insert in the model (some programs, like Abaqus, don’t accept a null value for this parameter), friction angle and elastic modulus of the soil, they influence significantly the behavior of the system (structure-soil), others parameters, like the dilatancy angle or the Poisson’s ratio, they don’t seem influence it. The logical path that we followed in the second part of the text is reported here. We analyzed two different structures, the first is able to support an excavation of 4 m, while the second an excavation of 7 m. Both structures are first designed by using the traditional method, then these structures are implemented in a finite element program (Abaqus), and they are pushed to collapse by decreasing the friction angle of the soil. The factor of collapse is the ratio between tangents of the initial friction angle and of the friction angle at collapse. At the end, we performed a more detailed analysis of the first structure, observing that, the value of the factor of collapse is influenced by a wide range of parameters including: the value of the coefficients assumed in the traditional method and by the relative stiffness of the structure-soil system. In the majority of cases, we found that the value of the factor of collapse is between and 1.25 and 2. With some considerations, reported in the text, we can compare the values so far found, with the value of the safety factor proposed by the code (linked to the friction angle of the soil).

Uso integrato di prove getoecniche sismiche per la caratterizzazione del sottosuolo della Laguna Veneta

Lo studio sviluppato nella tesi fa riferimento all’ampio database sperimentale raccolto presso il sito campione di Treporti (VE), nell’ambito di un progetto di ricerca finalizzato alla caratterizzazione geotecnica del complesso sottosuolo della Laguna Veneta. Il sottosuolo lagunare è infatti caratterizzato da una fitta alternanza di sedimenti a matrice prevalentemente limosa, dal comportamento intermedio fra sabbie e argille. Il progetto di ricerca prevedeva la realizzazione di una vasta campagna di indagini in sito, articolata in più fasi e integrata da un programma sperimentale di laboratorio; nell’area in esame è stato inoltre costruito un rilevato sperimentale in vera grandezza, continuamente monitorato con una sofisticata strumentazione per circa quattro anni, fino alla sua graduale rimozione. Il lavoro di tesi proposto riguarda l’analisi dei dati provenienti dalle numerose prove dilatometriche (DMT) e con piezocono (CPTU) effettuate a Treporti, con particolare riferimento alle prove di tipo sismico (SDMT e SCPTU) realizzate sia prima della costruzione del rilevato sia a seguito della rimozione dello stesso. Rispetto alla prove “tradizionali”, le prove sismiche permettono anche la misura della velocità delle onde di taglio (Vs), la cui conoscenza è richiesta anche dalle recenti Norme Tecniche delle Costruzioni e della quale è possibile risalire agevolmente al modulo di rigidezza elastico a piccolissime deformazioni (G0). L’enorme database raccolto in questo sito offre tra l’altro l’interessante ed inusuale possibilità di mettere a confronto dati ricavati da prove dilatometriche e con piezocono relative a verticali adiacenti, svolte in diverse fasi della storia di carico imposta al sottosuolo dell’area mediante la costruzione del rilevato. L’interpretazione dei dati penetrometrici e dilatometrici è stata fatta utilizzando i più recenti approcci interpretativi proposti nella letteratura del settore. È importante sottolineare che la possibilità di classificare e stimare i parametri meccanici del sottosuolo lagunare a partire da prove diverse ha permesso una valutazione critica delle procedure interpretative adottate e, in taluni casi, ha messo in evidenza i limiti di alcuni approcci, pur se limitatamente al caso specifico in esame. In alcuni casi, grazie all’uso integrato delle prove dilatometriche e penetrometriche è stato possibile mettere a punto specifiche correlazioni alternative a quelle esistenti, calibrate sui dati sperimentali di Treporti.

Hybrid foundations for offshore wind turbines

Nowadays offshore wind turbines represents a valid answer for energy production but with an increasing in costs mainly due to foundation technology required. Hybrid foundations composed by suction caissons over which is welded a tower supporting the nacelle and the blades allows a strong costs reduction. Here a monopod configuration is studied in a sandy soil in a 10 m water depth. Bearing capacity, sliding resistance and pull-out resistance are evaluated. In a second part the installation process occurring in four steps is analysed. considering also the effect of stress enhancement due to frictional forces opposing to penetration growing at skirt sides both inside and outside. In a three dimensional finite element model using Straus7 the soil non-linearity is considered in an approximate way through an iterative procedure using the Yokota empirical decay curves.

Opere di sostegno in terra rinforzata con geosintetici: Linee Guida per la progettazione in campo statico.

Proposta di Linee Guida Italiane per la progettazione di opere di sostegno in terra rinforzata con geosintetici

Centrifuge modeling of earth-reinforced retaining walls

Object of this thesis has been centrifuge modelling of earth reinforced retaining walls with modular blocks facing in order to investigate on the influence of design parameters, such as length and vertical spacing of reinforcement, on the behaviour of the structure. In order to demonstrate, 11 models were tested, each one with different length of reinforcement or spacing. Each model was constructed and then placed in the centrifuge in order to artificially raise gravitational acceleration up to 35 g, reproducing the soil behaviour of a 5 metre high wall. Vertical and horizontal displacements were recorded by means of a special device which enabled tracking of deformations in the structure along its longitudinal cross section, essentially drawing its deformed shape. As expected, results confirmed reinforcement parameters to be the governing factor in the behaviour of earth reinforced structures since increase in length and spacing improved structural stability. However, the influence of the length was found out to be the leading parameter, reducing facial deformations up to five times, and the spacing playing an important role especially in unstable configurations. When failure occurred, failure surface was characterised by the same shape (circular) and depth, regardless of the reinforcement configuration. Furthermore, results confirmed the over-conservatism of codes, since models with reinforcement layers 0.4H long showed almost negligible deformations. Although the experiments performed were consistent and yielded replicable results, further numerical modelling may allow investigation on other issues, such as the influence of the reinforcement stiffness, facing stiffness and varying backfills.