Studio della reazione di isomerizzazione del d-glucosio

I carboidrati, come il D-glucosio, sono i principali costituenti della biomasse e potrebbero rappresentare un’alternativa concreta alla chimica tradizionale del petrolio per la produzione dei building-blocks, utili quest’ultimi per lo sviluppo della filiera produttiva della chimica industriale. Dal D-glucosio è possibile ottenere epimeri importanti per la medicina o zuccheri largamente utilizzati in campo alimentare come il D-fruttosio tramite isomerizzazione strutturale del D-glucosio. Attualmente, la maggior parte dei metodi di sintesi di questa molecole prevedono l’utilizzo enzimi, o la catalisi omogenea con impiego di grandi quantità di basi e acidi minerali dannosi per l’ambiente. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato lo studio di innovativi catalizzatori eterogenei capaci operare in soluzione acquosa la conversione acido catalizzata del D-glucosio in prodotti di epimerizzazione e isomerizzazione strutturale. I catalizzatori dei nostri test sono stati caratterizzati tramite tecniche BET, ATR-IR, DRUv-Vis e XRD. Lo studio, quindi, è stato focalizzato sulle valutazioni delle prestazioni catalitiche di questi sistemi e sull’individuazione, tramite caratterizzazione strumentale, degli ioni costituenti questi solidi responsabili delle alte selettività nelle reazioni di riarrangiamento strutturale del D-glucosio. Gli studi condotti hanno portato alla conclusione che, grazie all’utilizzo di questi sistemi inorganici è possibile ottenere con alte selettività prodotti di riarrangiamento strutturale del D-glucosio, evitando al contempo la degradazione del substrato che in genere accompagna queste reazioni in condizioni di catalisi acida. Ulteriori studi riguardanti questi catalizzatori apriranno con buone probabilità la strada allo sviluppo di un nuovo processo industriale per la sintesi di questi zuccheri derivati, rendendo possibile una via produttiva sostenibile da un punto di vista economico che ambientale.

Feasibility study and flow scheduling optimization of a multi-product pipeline system

The first goal of this study is to analyse a real-world multiproduct onshore pipeline system in order to verify its hydraulic configuration and operational feasibility by constructing a simulation model step by step from its elementary building blocks that permits to copy the operation of the real system as precisely as possible. The second goal is to develop this simulation model into a user-friendly tool that one could use to find an “optimal” or “best” product batch schedule for a one year time period. Such a batch schedule could change dynamically as perturbations occur during operation that influence the behaviour of the entire system. The result of the simulation, the ‘best’ batch schedule is the one that minimizes the operational costs in the system. The costs involved in the simulation are inventory costs, interface costs, pumping costs, and penalty costs assigned to any unforeseen situations. The key factor to determine the performance of the simulation model is the way time is represented. In our model an event based discrete time representation is selected as most appropriate for our purposes. This means that the time horizon is divided into intervals of unequal lengths based on events that change the state of the system. These events are the arrival/departure of the tanker ships, the openings and closures of loading/unloading valves of storage tanks at both terminals, and the arrivals/departures of trains/trucks at the Delivery Terminal. In the feasibility study we analyse the system’s operational performance with different Head Terminal storage capacity configurations. For these alternative configurations we evaluated the effect of different tanker ship delay magnitudes on the number of critical events and product interfaces generated, on the duration of pipeline stoppages, the satisfaction of the product demand and on the operative costs. Based on the results and the bottlenecks identified, we propose modifications in the original setup.

Bitext alignment: building and evaluating a bilingual corpus and translation memory of academic course descriptions

Following the internationalization of contemporary higher education, academic institutions based in non-English speaking countries are increasingly urged to produce contents in English to address international prospective students and personnel, as well as to increase their attractiveness. The demand for English translations in the institutional academic domain is consequently increasing at a rate exceeding the capacity of the translation profession. Resources for assisting non-native authors and translators in the production of appropriate texts in L2 are therefore required in order to help academic institutions and professionals streamline their translation workload. Some of these resources include: (i) parallel corpora to train machine translation systems and multilingual authoring tools; and (ii) translation memories for computer-aided tools. The purpose of this study is to create and evaluate reference resources like the ones mentioned in (i) and (ii) through the automatic sentence alignment of a large set of Italian and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) institutional academic texts given as equivalent but not necessarily parallel (i.e. translated). In this framework, a set of aligning algorithms and alignment tools is examined in order to identify the most profitable one(s) in terms of accuracy and time- and cost-effectiveness. In order to determine the text pairs to align, a sample is selected according to document length similarity (characters) and subsequently evaluated in terms of extent of noisiness/parallelism, alignment accuracy and content leverageability. The results of these analyses serve as the basis for the creation of an aligned bilingual corpus of academic course descriptions, which is eventually used to create a translation memory in TMX format.