Operational Modal Analysis: the CEME Skywalk at UBC, Vancouver

Slender and lighter footbridges are becoming more and more popular to meet the transportation demand and the aesthetical requirements of the modern society. The widespread presence of such particular structures has become possible thanks to the availability of new, lightweight and still capable of carrying heavy loads material . Therefore, these kind of structure, are particularly sensitive to vibration serviceability problems, especially induced by human activities. As a consequence, it has been imperative to study the dynamic behaviour of such slender pedestrian bridges in order to define their modal characteristics. As an alternative to a Finite Element Analysis to find natural frequencies, damping and mode shape, a so-called Operational Modal Analysis is a valid tool to obtain these parameters through an ambient vibration test. This work provides a useful insight into the Operational Modal Analysis technique and It reports the investigation of the CEME Skywalk, a pedestrian bridge located at the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, Canada. Furthermore, human-induced vibration tests have been performed and the dynamic characteristics derived with these tests have been compared with the ones from the ambient vibration tests. The effect of the dynamic properties of the two buildings supporting the CEME Skywalk on the dynamic behaviour of the bridge has been also investigated.

Applying partial virtualization on ELF binaries through dynamic loaders

The technology of partial virtualization is a revolutionary approach to the world of virtualization. It lies directly in-between full system virtual machines (like QEMU or XEN) and application-related virtual machines (like the JVM or the CLR). The ViewOS project is the flagship of such technique, developed by the Virtual Square laboratory, created to provide an abstract view of the underlying system resources on a per-process basis and work against the principle of the Global View Assumption. Virtual Square provides several different methods to achieve partial virtualization within the ViewOS system, both at user and kernel levels. Each of these approaches have their own advantages and shortcomings. This paper provides an analysis of the different virtualization methods and problems related to both the generic and partial virtualization worlds. This paper is the result of an in-depth study and research for a new technology to be employed to provide partial virtualization based on ELF dynamic binaries. It starts with a mild analysis of currently available virtualization alternatives and then goes on describing the ViewOS system, highlighting its current shortcomings. The vloader project is then proposed as a possible solution to some of these inconveniences with a working proof of concept and examples to outline the potential of such new virtualization technique. By injecting specific code and libraries in the middle of the binary loading mechanism provided by the ELF standard, the vloader project can promote a streamlined and simplified approach to trace system calls. With the advantages outlined in the following paper, this method presents better performance and portability compared to the currently available ViewOS implementations. Furthermore, some of itsdisadvantages are also discussed, along with their possible solutions.

13C NMR of a single molecule magnet: analysis of pseudocontact shifts and residual dipolar couplings

Paramagnetic triple decker complexes of lanthanides are promising Single Molecule Magnets (SMMs), with many potential uses. Some of them show preferable relaxation behavior, which enables the recording of well resolved NMR spectra. These axially symmetric complexes are also strongly magnetically anisotropic, and this property can be described with the axial component of the magnetic susceptibility tensor, χa. For triple decker complexes with phthalocyanine based ligands, the Fermi˗contact contribution is small. Hence, together with the axial symmetry, the experimental chemical shifts in 1H and 13C NMR spectra can be modeled easily by considering pseudocontact and orbital shifts alone. This results in the determination of the χa value, which is also responsible for molecular alignment and consequently for the observation of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). A detailed analysis of the experimental 1H-13C and 1H-1H couplings revealed that contributions from RDCs (positive and negative) and from dynamic frequency shifts (negative for all observed couplings) have to be considered. Whilst the pseudocontact shifts depend on the average positions of 1H and 13C nuclei relative to the lanthanide ions, the RDCs are related to the mobility of nuclei they correspond to. This phenomenon allows for the measurement of the internal mobility of the various groups in the SMMs.

FEM and experimental analysis of a wind turbine blade

This paperwork compares the a numerical validation of the finite element model (FEM) with respect the experimental tests of a new generation wind turbine blade designed by TPI Composites Inc. called BSDS (Blade System Design Study). The research is focused on the analysis by finite element (FE) of the BSDS blade and its comparison with respect the experimental data from static and dynamic investigations. The goal of the research is to create a general procedure which is based on a finite element model and will be used to create an accurate digital copy for any kind of blade. The blade prototype was created in SolidWorks and the blade of Sandia National Laboratories Blade System Design Study was accurately reproduced. At a later stage the SolidWorks model was imported in Ansys Mechanical APDL where the shell geometry was created and modal, static and fatigue analysis were carried out. The outcomes of the FEM analysis were compared with the real test on the BSDS blade at Clarkson University laboratory carried out by a new procedures called Blade Test Facility that includes different methods for both the static and dynamic test of the wind turbine blade. The outcomes from the FEM analysis reproduce the real behavior of the blade subjected to static loads in a very satisfying way. A most detailed study about the material properties could improve the accuracy of the analysis.

Analysis of aircraft load spectrum by means of flight simulator

Damage tolerance analysis is a quite new methodology based on prescribed inspections. The load spectra used to derive results of these analysis strongly influence the final defined inspections programs that for this reason must be as much as possible representative of load acting on the considered structural component and at the same time, obtained reducing both cost and time. The principal purpose of our work is in improving the actual condition developing a complete numerical Damage Tolerance analysis, able to prescribe inspection programs on typical aircraft critical components, respecting DT regulations, starting from much more specific load spectrum then those actually used today. In particular, these more specific load spectrum to design against fatigue have been obtained through an appositively derived flight simulator developed in a Matlab/Simulink environment. This dynamic model has been designed so that it can be used to simulate typical missions performing manually (joystick inputs) or completely automatic (reference trajectory need to be provided) flights. Once these flights have been simulated, model’s outputs are used to generate load spectrum that are then processed to get information (peaks, valleys) to perform statistical and/or comparison consideration with other load spectrum. However, also much more useful information (loads amplitude) have been extracted from these generated load spectrum to perform the previously mentioned predictions (Rainflow counting method is applied for this purpose). The entire developed methodology works in a complete automatic way, so that, once some specified input parameters have been introduced and different typical flights have been simulated both, manually or automatically, it is able to relate the effects of these simulated flights with the reduction of residual strength of the considered component.

Synthesis and dynamic study of atropisomeric compounds containing boron-carbon bond

In this thesis we studied the stereodynamic behavior of 1,2-azaborines variously substituted on boron (7a, 7b, 13). Depending on the hindrance of the asymmetric aryl substituent the resulting conformations could be stereolabile or configurationally stable. Through dynamic NMR and lineshape simulation, the energy rotational barriers of the different conformers are obtained. When the barrier is higher than 22-23 kcal/mol stable atropisomers that are fisically separable could be obtained (case of compound 13) and the free activation energy barrier is determinable by kinetic analysis. Absolute configuration of two atropisomers were assigned by comparison between computational calculations and experimental ECD. Isosteric compound 21 is then synthesized in order to compare the rotational barrier around B-Caryl with the one around Cnaphth-Caryl bond.

Analysis of evening and morning transitions in complex terrain: MATERHORN campaign 2013

A field study of thermal circulation over very gentle slope is described for a specific day characterised by weak synoptic conditions. The emphasis was on morning and evening transitions, but measurements cover the entire day; therefore a brief analysis is performed to represent the general thermal circulation pattern. Both transition periods are characterised by complex dynamic behaviours. During evening transition, the upslope flow has got through a stagnation condition characterised by wind velocity U<0:5 m=s. Only when the stagnating air has become negative buoyant, the flow is allowed to pour downslope like a slab. Some features of front formation has been found during the transition development, such as delay time of downslope flow start up along the slope, and the presence of positive turbulent kinetic energy at the onset of the motion. Eventually the observed evening transition has followed a mixed mechanisms, with features from different models. Therefore the Rayleigh number seems not to be a good criterion by which parametrise evening transition itself. Morning transition is characterised by destruction of nocturnal temperature inversion and the onset of upslope flow. Inversion destruction can be described in terms of CBL growth at surface and inversion decent from the top of the layer. KH has found to be a good indicator of inversion breakup, if used as parameter to study the inversion breakup in terms of temperature reversal. After the inversion breakup, buoyancy and mechanical productions supply the flow with the necessary energy to start the upslope wind. More quantitative analysis are provided by the study of stability parameters and turbulent kinetic energy budgets. Gradient Richardson number has been used in this terms, finding that a mixed SBL-CBL behaviour dominates the most of the observed layers. Tke budget has shown high turbulent behaviour during morning transition while the evening transition has developed entirely in laminar condition, apart from short intermittent turbulent events.