Mandeville e l'uomorismo del male minore

Questa ricerca propone una lettura comparata degli scritti di Bernard Mandeville. L'intento è di porre in relazione gli argomenti morali, etici e politici con le "gandi voci" dell'epoca: primi fra tutti Hobbes e Locke. L'impianto interpretativo è strutturato in modo da delineare il metodo adottato nelle riflessioni filosofiche mandevilliane e da qui, mantenendo una divisione di piani, rintracciare i concetti di riferimento sia dal punto di vista metafico sia da quello ontologico. Si ritiene, allora, che il metodo basato sull'uomorismo, come forma oggettivante del fenomeno – sociale e non – porti alla definizione della nozione di natura umana a partire da una conzione di natura in sé corrotta metafisicamente. Ciò trova nel paradigma di "naturalismo fisiologico" un riferimento da cui muovere l'analisi antropologica e morale degli uomini in società. Un'indagine che rintraccia nell'"etica del male minore" un modello con cui valutare le scelte e le azioni in ambito collettivo e pubblico. La lettura dei vari testi, allora, mostra come la politica sia influenzata da questo modello nello strutturare istituzioni che stimolino la produzione e l'incremento della ricchezza, seppur questo non sia alla portata di tutti. La sperequazione economica, allora, a fronte di un benessere collettivo elevato appare come un "male minore".

Percieved Organizational Efficacy in Internationalized Companies: Application of Competing Values Approach and Collective Efficacy

This dissertation focuses on “organizational efficacy”, in particular on employees’ beliefs of organizational capacity to be efficacious. Organizational efficacy is considered from two perspectives – competing values approach and collective efficacy, and evaluated in internationalized companies. The dissertation is composed of three studies. The data were collected in thirteen Italian companies on different stages of internationalization for a total number of respondents is 358. In the first study the factorial validity of the competing values instrument (Rohrbaugh, 1981) was investigated and confirmed. Two scales were used to measure collective efficacy: a general collective efficacy scale (Bohn, 2010), and a specific collective efficacy scale, developed following suggestions of Borgogni et al. (2001), it evaluates employees’ beliefs of efficacy of organizations in the international market. The findings suggest that competing values and collective organizational efficacy instruments may provide a multi-faceted measurement of employees’ beliefs of organizational efficacy. The second study examined the relationship between organizational efficacy and collective work engagement. To measure collective work engagement the UWES-9 (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003) was adapted at the group level; its factor structure and reliability were similar to the standard UWES-9. The findings suggest that organizational efficacy fully predicts collective work engagement. Also we investigated whether leadership moderates the relationship between organizational efficacy and collective work engagement. We operationalized leadership style with MLQ (Bass & Avolio, 1995); the results suggest that intellectual stimulation and idealized influence (transformational leadership) and contingent reward (transactional leadership) enhance the impact of organizational efficacy on collective work engagement. In the third study we investigated organizational efficacy and collective work engagement in internationalized companies. The findings show that beliefs of organizational efficacy vary across companies in different stages of internationalization, while no significant difference was found for collective work engagement. Limitations, practical implications and future studies are discussed in the conclusion.

Enhancing Workers’ Well-Being. Scientific and social relevance of managing stress in the workplace

Purpose. Despite work-related stress is one of the most studied topic in organizational psychology, many aspects as for example the use of different measures (e.g. subjective and objective, qualitative and quantitative) are still under debate. According to this, in order to enhance knowledge concerning which factors and processes contribute to create healthy workplaces, this thesis is composed by four different studies aiming to understand: a) the role of relevant antecedents (e.g. leadership, job demands, work-family conflict, social support etc.) and outcomes (e.g. workplace phobia, absenteeism etc.) of work-related stress; and b) how to manage psychosocial risk factors in the workplace. The studies. The first study focused on how disagreement between supervisors and their employees on leadership style (transformational and transactional) could affect workers well-being and work team variables. The second and third study used both subjective and objective data in order to increase the quality of the reliability of the results gained. Particularly, the second study focused on job demand and its relationship with objective sickness leave. Findings showed that despite there is no direct relationship between these two variables, job demand affects work-family conflict, which in turn affect exhaustion, which leads to absenteeism. The third study analysed the role of a new concept never studied before in organizational settings (workplace phobia), as a health outcome in the JD-R model, demonstrating also its relationship with absenteeism. The last study highlighted the added value of using the mixed methods research approach in order to detect and analyse context-specific job demands which could affects workers’ health. Conclusion. The findings of this thesis answered both to open questions in the scientific literature and to the social request of managing psychosocial risk factors in the workplace in order to enhance workers well-being.

Le naturalisme européen au théâtre: une étude des rapports entre le roman et la scène

Le travail de recherche se focalise sur l'étude de l'adaptation de romans naturalistes pour le théâtre. Phénomène largement répandu au XIXe siècle, les adaptations pour le théâtre promettaient la gloire aux romanciers qui tentaient une carrière littéraire. Par ailleurs, ils ont marqué une poussée vers un renouveau du théâtre lui-même sous toutes les formes possibles : interprétation, scénographie, thèmes. Pour cette raison, une étude comparative de plusieurs auteurs naturalistes européens (Zola, Goncourt, Capuana, Lemonnier, Galdós, Hardy) permet de construire un cadre général et d'identifier des pratiques communes. Par ailleurs, l'analyse effectuée au cours de la recherche met également en évidence des tendances socio-littéraires significatives, emblématiques de la construction d'une société capitaliste et démocratique en Europe ouvrant la voie au XXe siècle.