Modelling the effects of nitrogen deposition and carbon dioxide enrichment on forest carbon balance

Atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has increased over the last 250 years, mainly due to human activities. Of total anthropogenic emissions, almost 31% has been sequestered by the terrestrial biosphere. A considerable contribution to this sink comes from temperate and boreal forest ecosystems of the northern hemisphere, which contain a large amount of carbon (C) stored as biomass and soil organic matter. Several potential drivers for this forest C sequestration have been proposed, including increasing atmospheric [CO2], temperature, nitrogen (N) deposition and changes in management practices. However, it is not known which of these drivers are most important. The overall aim of this thesis project was to develop a simple ecosystem model which explicitly incorporates our best understanding of the mechanisms by which these drivers affect forest C storage, and to use this model to investigate the sensitivity of the forest ecosystem to these drivers. I firstly developed a version of the Generic Decomposition and Yield (G’DAY) model to explicitly investigate the mechanisms leading to forest C sequestration following N deposition. Specifically, I modified the G’DAY model to include advances in understanding of C allocation, canopy N uptake, and leaf trait relationships. I also incorporated a simple forest management practice subroutine. Secondly, I investigated the effect of CO2 fertilization on forest productivity with relation to the soil N availability feedback. I modified the model to allow it to simulate short-term responses of deciduous forests to environmental drivers, and applied it to data from a large-scale forest Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Finally, I used the model to investigate the combined effects of recent observed changes in atmospheric [CO2], N deposition, and climate on a European forest stand. The model developed in my thesis project was an effective tool for analysis of effects of environmental drivers on forest ecosystem C storage. Key results from model simulations include: (i) N availability has a major role in forest ecosystem C sequestration; (ii) atmospheric N deposition is an important driver of N availability on short and long time-scales; (iii) rising temperature increases C storage by enhancing soil N availability and (iv) increasing [CO2] significantly affects forest growth and C storage only when N availability is not limiting.

The Time-Of-Flight detector of ALICE at LHC: construction, test and commissioning with cosmic rays

The Time-Of-Flight (TOF) detector of ALICE is designed to identify charged particles produced in Pb--Pb collisions at the LHC to address the physics of strongly-interacting matter and the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The detector is based on the Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) technology which guarantees the excellent performance required for a large time-of-flight array. The construction and installation of the apparatus in the experimental site have been completed and the detector is presently fully operative. All the steps which led to the construction of the TOF detector were strictly followed by a set of quality assurance procedures to enable high and uniform performance and eventually the detector has been commissioned with cosmic rays. This work aims at giving a detailed overview of the ALICE TOF detector, also focusing on the tests performed during the construction phase. The first data-taking experience and the first results obtained with cosmic rays during the commissioning phase are presented as well and allow to confirm the readiness state of the TOF detector for LHC collisions.

Influence of nitrogen and soil physical characteristics on belowground carbon flux dynamics of woody plants

At ecosystem level soil respiration (Rs) represents the largest carbon (C) flux after gross primary productivity, being mainly generated by root respiration (autotrophic respiration, Ra) and soil microbial respiration (heterotrophic respiration, Rh). In the case of terrestrial ecosystems, soils contain the largest C-pool, storing twice the amount of C contained in plant biomass. Soil organic matter (SOM), representing the main C storage in soil, is decomposed by soil microbial community. This process produces CO2 which is mainly released as Rh. It is thus relevant to understand how microbial activity is influenced by environmental factors like soil temperature, soil moisture and nutrient availability, since part of the CO2 produced by Rh, directly increases atmospheric CO2 concentration and therefore affects the phenomenon of climate change. Among terrestrial ecosystems, agricultural fields have traditionally been considered as sources of atmospheric CO2. In agricultural ecosystems, in particular apple orchards, I identified the role of root density, soil temperature, soil moisture and nitrogen (N) availability on Rs and on its two components, Ra and Rh. To do so I applied different techniques to separate Rs in its two components, the ”regression technique” and the “trenching technique”. I also studied the response of Ra to different levels of N availability, distributed either in a uniform or localized way, in the case of Populus tremuloides trees. The results showed that Rs is mainly driven by soil temperature, to which it is positively correlated, that high levels of soil moisture have inhibiting effects, and that N has a negligible influence on total Rs, as well as on Ra. Further I found a negative response of Rh to high N availability, suggesting that microbial decomposition processes in the soil are inhibited by the presence of N. The contribution of Ra to Rs was of 37% on average.