Hydroelastic impacts of deformable wedges

This work investigates the slamming phenomenon experienced during the water entry of deformable bodies. Wedges are chosen as reference geometry due to their similarity to a generic hull section. Hull slamming is a phenomenon occurring when a ship re-enters the water after having been partially or completely lifted out the water. While the analysis of rigid structures entering the water has been extensively studied in the past and there are analytical solutions capable of correctly predicting the hydrodynamic pressure distribution and the overall impact dynamics, the effect of the structural deformation on the structural force is still a challenging problem to be solved. In fact, in case of water impact of deformable bodies, the dynamic deflection could interact with the fluid flow, changing the hydrodynamic load. This work investigates the hull-slamming problem by experiments and numerical simulations of the water entry of elastic wedges impacting on an initially calm surface. The effect of asymmetry due to horizontal velocity component or initial tilt angle on the impact dynamics is also studied. The objective of this work is to determine an accurate model to predict the overall dynamics of the wedge and its deformations. More than 1200 experiments were conducted by varying wedge structural stiffness, deadrise angle, impact velocity and mass. On interest are the overall impact dynamics and the local structural deformation of the panels composing the wedge. Alongside with the experimental analysis, numerical simulations based on a coupled Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and FEM method are developed. The experimental results provide evidence of the mutual interaction between hydrodynamic load and structural deformation. It is found a simple criterion for the onset of fluid structure interaction (FSI), giving reliable information on the cases where FSI should been taken into account.

Studio cinematico dell'articolazione del gomito e valutazione del carrying angle durante l'esercizio fisico

Questo progetto di ricerca, è stato sviluppato per studiare le caratteristiche anatomofunzionali che definiscono l’articolazione del gomito, ed in modo articolare la presenza dell’angolazione valga che origina dalla diversa orientazione degli assi meccanici dell’avambraccio e del braccio e, denominata in letteratura come carrying angle. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro - meglio espresso nei diversi capitoli - è stato, quello di identificare un nuovo approccio di misura per la stima di questo angolo, utilizzabile sia per gli studi di biomeccanica articolare, che per gli studi di analisi del movimento per l’arto superiore. Il primo obiettivo è stato quello di scegliere un algoritmo di calcolo che rispettasse le caratteristiche dell’articolazione, ed in modo particolare abile a minimizzare gli errori introdotti sia nella fase di acquisizione dei punti di repere anatomici, che in quella legata alla predizione del movimento di flesso-estensione, con un modello matematico. Per questo motivo abbiamo dovuto realizzare una serie di misure in un primo tempo su due cadaveri di arto superiore, poi, seguendo le regole classiche per la validazione dell’approccio metodologico adottato, si sono realizzate misure in-vivo, prima in massima estensione e poi durante il movimento. Inizialmente abbiamo pensato di comparare le misure lineari relative alle ampiezze del braccio (ampiezza tra l’epicondilo laterale e mediale) e dell’avambraccio (ampiezza tra lo stiloide ulnare e radiale) con quelle ottenute mediante un antropometro; successivamente dopo aver verificato la ripetibilità tra i diversi operatori nell’ acquisizione dei punti di repere anatomici con il digitalizzatore Faro Arm, abbiamo comparato le misure ottenute relative al carrying angle con quelle di un goniometro standard, classicamente utilizzato nella pratica clinica per la definizione dei range di movimento dell’arto superiore. Infine, considerando la bontà delle misure ottenute, abbiamo riproposto tale metodologia con stumenti stereofotogrammetrici per l’analisi del movimento (VICON System), ottenendo la stessa stabilit`a nell’andamento del carrying angle in funzione della flessione, sia come riportato dagli studi in letteratura, sia come riscontrato nel nostro studio in-vitro. In conclusione, questo lavoro di ricerca ha evidenziato (sia per i risultati ottenuti, che per la elevata numerosità dei soggetti testati), come gli esseri umani presentino una grande variabilità individuale nel valore di questo angolo, e di come questo possa aiutare per la corretta definizione di un modello 3-D dell’arto superiore. Pertanto, gli studi futuri sulla biomeccanica dell’arto superiore dovrebbero includere sempre la valutazione di questa misura.

Reconstruction from image correspondences

A single picture provides a largely incomplete representation of the scene one is looking at. Usually it reproduces only a limited spatial portion of the scene according to the standpoint and the viewing angle, besides it contains only instantaneous information. Thus very little can be understood on the geometrical structure of the scene, the position and orientation of the observer with respect to it remaining also hard to guess. When multiple views, taken from different positions in space and time, observe the same scene, then a much deeper knowledge is potentially achievable. Understanding inter-views relations enables construction of a collective representation by fusing the information contained in every single image. Visual reconstruction methods confront with the formidable, and still unanswered, challenge of delivering a comprehensive representation of structure, motion and appearance of a scene from visual information. Multi-view visual reconstruction deals with the inference of relations among multiple views and the exploitation of revealed connections to attain the best possible representation. This thesis investigates novel methods and applications in the field of visual reconstruction from multiple views. Three main threads of research have been pursued: dense geometric reconstruction, camera pose reconstruction, sparse geometric reconstruction of deformable surfaces. Dense geometric reconstruction aims at delivering the appearance of a scene at every single point. The construction of a large panoramic image from a set of traditional pictures has been extensively studied in the context of image mosaicing techniques. An original algorithm for sequential registration suitable for real-time applications has been conceived. The integration of the algorithm into a visual surveillance system has lead to robust and efficient motion detection with Pan-Tilt-Zoom cameras. Moreover, an evaluation methodology for quantitatively assessing and comparing image mosaicing algorithms has been devised and made available to the community. Camera pose reconstruction deals with the recovery of the camera trajectory across an image sequence. A novel mosaic-based pose reconstruction algorithm has been conceived that exploit image-mosaics and traditional pose estimation algorithms to deliver more accurate estimates. An innovative markerless vision-based human-machine interface has also been proposed, so as to allow a user to interact with a gaming applications by moving a hand held consumer grade camera in unstructured environments. Finally, sparse geometric reconstruction refers to the computation of the coarse geometry of an object at few preset points. In this thesis, an innovative shape reconstruction algorithm for deformable objects has been designed. A cooperation with the Solar Impulse project allowed to deploy the algorithm in a very challenging real-world scenario, i.e. the accurate measurements of airplane wings deformations.

Numerical modeling of the Alto Tiberina low angle normal fault

The aim of this Thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of the active Alto Tiberina normal fault (ATF). Integrating geological, geodetic and seismological data, we perform 2D and 3D quasi-static and dynamic mechanical models to simulate the interseismic phase and rupture dynamic of the ATF. Effects of ATF locking depth, synthetic and antithetic fault activity, lithology and realistic fault geometries are taken in account. The 2D and 3D quasi-static model results suggest that the deformation pattern inferred by GPS data is consistent with a very compliant ATF zone (from 5 to 15 km) and Gubbio fault activity. The presence of the ATF compliant zone is a first order condition to redistribute the stress in the Umbria-Marche region; the stress bipartition between hanging wall (high values) and footwall (low values) inferred by the ATF zone activity could explain the microseismicity rates that are higher in the hanging wall respect to the footwall. The interseismic stress build-up is mainly located along the Gubbio fault zone and near ATF patches with higher dip (30°