Tuzla City (BiH): an example of geohazard induced by salt extraction

Salt deposits characterize the subsurface of Tuzla (BiH) and made it famous since the ancient times. Archeological discoveries demonstrate the presence of a Neolithic pile-dwelling settlement related to the existence of saltwater springs that contributed to make the most of the area a swampy ground. Since the Roman times, the town is reported as “the City of Salt deposits and Springs”; "tuz" is the Turkish word for salt, as the Ottomans renamed the settlement in the 15th century following their conquest of the medieval Bosnia (Donia and Fine, 1994). Natural brine springs were located everywhere and salt has been evaporated by means of hot charcoals since pre-Roman times. The ancient use of salt was just a small exploitation compared to the massive salt production carried out during the 20th century by means of classical mine methodologies and especially wild brine pumping. In the past salt extraction was practised tapping natural brine springs, while the modern technique consists in about 100 boreholes with pumps tapped to the natural underground brine runs, at an average depth of 400-500 m. The mining operation changed the hydrogeological conditions enabling the downward flow of fresh water causing additional salt dissolution. This process induced severe ground subsidence during the last 60 years reaching up to 10 meters of sinking in the most affected area. Stress and strain of the overlying rocks induced the formation of numerous fractures over a conspicuous area (3 Km2). Consequently serious damages occurred to buildings and infrastructures such as water supply system, sewage networks and power lines. Downtown urban life was compromised by the destruction of more than 2000 buildings that collapsed or needed to be demolished causing the resettlement of about 15000 inhabitants (Tatić, 1979). Recently salt extraction activities have been strongly reduced, but the underground water system is returning to his natural conditions, threatening the flooding of the most collapsed area. During the last 60 years local government developed a monitoring system of the phenomenon, collecting several data about geodetic measurements, amount of brine pumped, piezometry, lithostratigraphy, extension of the salt body and geotechnical parameters. A database was created within a scientific cooperation between the municipality of Tuzla and the city of Rotterdam (D.O.O. Mining Institute Tuzla, 2000). The scientific investigation presented in this dissertation has been financially supported by a cooperation project between the Municipality of Tuzla, The University of Bologna (CIRSA) and the Province of Ravenna. The University of Tuzla (RGGF) gave an important scientific support in particular about the geological and hydrogeological features. Subsidence damage resulting from evaporite dissolution generates substantial losses throughout the world, but the causes are only well understood in a few areas (Gutierrez et al., 2008). The subject of this study is the collapsing phenomenon occurring in Tuzla area with the aim to identify and quantify the several factors involved in the system and their correlations. Tuzla subsidence phenomenon can be defined as geohazard, which represents the consequence of an adverse combination of geological processes and ground conditions precipitated by human activity with the potential to cause harm (Rosenbaum and Culshaw, 2003). Where an hazard induces a risk to a vulnerable element, a risk management process is required. The single factors involved in the subsidence of Tuzla can be considered as hazards. The final objective of this dissertation represents a preliminary risk assessment procedure and guidelines, developed in order to quantify the buildings vulnerability in relation to the overall geohazard that affect the town. The historical available database, never fully processed, have been analyzed by means of geographic information systems and mathematical interpolators (PART I). Modern geomatic applications have been implemented to deeply investigate the most relevant hazards (PART II). In order to monitor and quantify the actual subsidence rates, geodetic GPS technologies have been implemented and 4 survey campaigns have been carried out once a year. Subsidence related fractures system has been identified by means of field surveys and mathematical interpretations of the sinking surface, called curvature analysis. The comparison of mapped and predicted fractures leaded to a better comprehension of the problem. Results confirmed the reliability of fractures identification using curvature analysis applied to sinking data instead of topographic or seismic data. Urban changes evolution has been reconstructed analyzing topographic maps and satellite imageries, identifying the most damaged areas. This part of the investigation was very important for the quantification of buildings vulnerability.

Il cibo come creatore di circoli virtuosi. Slow Food e Terra Madre, eccellenze nello sviluppo sostenibile del territorio.

Punto di partenza per il lavoro presentato, sono le tematiche legate alle pratiche di consumo di cibo in un’ottica che superi una semplice visione utilitaristica delle stesse, mentre viene evidenziato invece il più profondo rapporto uomo-cibo e i fenomeni di socializzazione che ne scaturiscono. Si trovano pertanto a coniugarsi la sociologia dei consumi e la sociologia della cultura. La base per questa visione del cibo e delle pratiche di produzione e consumo ad esso collegate è l’ipotesi che nel rapporto uomo-cibo sia individuabile un livello di significato superiore al mero utilitarismo/nutrizionismo, che si compone di una dimensione strutturale, una dimensione simbolica ed una dimensione metaforica. Il cibo, e di conseguenza tutte le pratiche ad esso collegate (produzione, elaborazione, consumo), rientrano pertanto in maniera naturale nella categoria “cultura”, e quindi, accostandoci al paradigma del passaggio da natura a società, attraverso il cibo si crea e si alimenta la socialità del consorzio umano, e quindi l’umanità stessa. Accostando a queste concettualizzazioni l’idea che il consumo in generale possa diventare una prassi tramite cui esperire una più diffusa ricerca di sostenibilità nello sviluppo del territorio, (facendosi carico delle conseguenze socio-ambientali derivanti dalla fruizione di determinati oggetti piuttosto che altri), si è sviluppata l’ipotesi che al consumo alimentare possa competere un ruolo precipuamente attivo nella definizione di pratiche sociali orientate alla sostenibilità, capaci cioè di integrare attraverso il consumo – e in relazione all’indebolimento delle tradizionali agenzie di socializzazione – quella perdita di senso civico e solidarietà organizzata che sperimentiamo nelle prassi di vita quotidiana. Sul piano operativo, la tesi è articolata in sei capitoli: • Il percorso presentato prende le mosse dalla considerazione che il cibo, inteso in un’ottica sociologica, costituisce un fattore culturale non irrilevante, anzi fondamentale per il consorzio umano. Si fornisce quindi una breve descrizione del ruolo del cibo nei suoi accostamenti con la definizione di un territorio (e quindi con la sua storia, economia e società), con le arti visive, con il cinema, con la musica, ma anche con la sfera sensoriale (tatto, gusto, olfatto) ed emotivo-cognitiva (psiche) dell’uomo. • Successivamente, si analizza nello specifico la funzione socializzante delle pratiche alimentari, ripercorrendo le tappe principali degli studi classici di sociologia e antropologia dell’alimentazione e introducendo anche l’idea di cibo come simbolo e metafora, che si riflettono sul piano sociale e sulle relazioni tra gli individui. La constatazione che le pratiche legate al cibo sono le uniche attività umane da sempre e per sempre irrinunciabili è un chiaro indicatore di come esse giochino un ruolo fondamentale nella socializzazione umana. • Nel terzo capitolo, la prospettiva simbolico-metaforica è la base di un’analisi di tipo storico delle pratiche alimentari, nello specifico delle pratiche di consumo di cibo, dalle origini dell’umanità ai giorni nostri. Viene presentato un excursus essenziale in cui l’attenzione è focalizzata sulla tavola, sui cibi ivi serviti e sugli eventi di socializzazione che si sviluppano attorno ad essa, considerando situazioni storico-sociali oggettive di cui si è in grado, oggi, di ricostruire le dinamiche e le fasi più significative. • Il quarto capitolo costituisce un momento di riflessione teorica intorno al tema della globalizzazione nella contemporaneità. Sia per una logica progressione cronologica all’interno del lavoro presentato, sia per la rilevanza in quanto inerente alla società attuale in cui viviamo, non si è potuto infatti non soffermarsi un po’ più a fondo sull’analisi delle pratiche alimentari nella contemporaneità, e quindi nella società generalmente definita come “globalizzata” (o “mcdonaldizzata”, per dirla alla Ritzer) ma che in realtà è caratterizzata da un più sottile gioco di equilibri tra dimensione locale e dimensione globale, che si compenetrano come anche nel termine che indica tale equilibrio: il “glocale”. In questo capitolo vengono presentati i principali riferimenti teorici relativi a queste tematiche. • Nel quinto capitolo è stata analizzata, quindi, la declinazione in senso “alimentare” della relazione tra globale e locale, e quindi non solo i mutamenti intercorsi nella contemporaneità nelle pratiche di produzione, scambio e consumo di cibo con particolare riferimento ai sistemi culturali e al territorio, ma anche alcune proposte (sia teoriche che pratiche) a garanzia di uno sviluppo sostenibile del territorio, che trovi i suoi fondamenti sulla perpetuazione di modalità tradizionali di produzione, commercio e consumo di cibo. • Nel sesto capitolo viene analizzato un caso di studio significativo, (il movimento Slow Food, con il suo progetto Terra Madre) senza la pretesa di confermare o smentire né le ipotesi di partenza, né i concetti emersi in itinere, ma semplicemente con l’intenzione di approfondire il percorso svolto attraverso l’esemplificazione operativa e la ricerca entro un piccolo campione composto da testimoni significativi e intervistati, sottoposti a colloqui e interviste incentrate su item inerenti i temi generali di questo lavoro e sul caso di studio considerato. La scelta del caso è motivata dalla considerazione che, alla luce delle filosofia che lo anima e delle attività che svolge, il movimento Slow Food con il progetto Terra Madre costituisce una vera e propria eccellenza nella pianificazione di uno sviluppo sostenibile del territorio e delle sue risorse, tanto economiche quanto sociali e culturali. L’intera analisi è stata condotta tenendo presente l’importanza della comparazione e della collocazione del singolo caso non solo nel contesto sociale di riferimento, ma anche in sintonia con l’ipotesi della ricerca, e quindi con l’assunto che le pratiche alimentari possano guidare uno sviluppo sostenibile del territorio. Per analizzare la realtà individuata, si è in primo luogo proceduto alla raccolta e all’analisi di dati e informazioni volte alla ricostruzione della sua storia e del suo sviluppo attuale. Le informazioni sono state raccolte attraverso l’analisi di materiali, documenti cartacei e documenti multimediali. Si è poi proceduto con colloqui in profondità a testimoni significativi individuati nell’ambito delle attività promosse da Slow Food, con particolare riferimento alle attività di Terra Madre; le informazioni sono state elaborate con l’ausilio dell’analisi del contenuto. Alla luce di quanto analizzato, tanto a livello teorico quanto a livello empirico, la tesi si conclude con alcune considerazioni che, in linea con la finalità dichiarata di approfondire (più che di confermare o smentire) le ipotesi di partenza circa un ruolo fondamentale delle pratiche alimentari nello sviluppo sostenibile del territorio, non possono comunque non tendere ad una convalida dei concetti introduttivi. Si individuano pertanto spunti importanti per affermare che nelle pratiche alimentari, nei tre momenti in cui trovano specificazione (la produzione, lo scambio, il consumo), siano individuabili quei semi valoriali che possono dare solidità alle ipotesi di partenza, e che quindi - nell’intento di operare per uno sviluppo sostenibile del territorio - sia possibile farne un valido strumento al fine di costruire dei veri e propri percorsi di sostenibilità ancorati ai concetti di tutela della tradizione locale, recupero e salvaguardia dei metodi tradizionali di produzione e conservazione, certificazione di tipicità, controllo della distribuzione, riscatto e promozione delle modalità tradizionali di consumo con particolare riferimento alle culture locali.

Fingerprint Recognition: Enhancement, Feature Extraction and Automatic Evaluation of Algorithms

The identification of people by measuring some traits of individual anatomy or physiology has led to a specific research area called biometric recognition. This thesis is focused on improving fingerprint recognition systems considering three important problems: fingerprint enhancement, fingerprint orientation extraction and automatic evaluation of fingerprint algorithms. An effective extraction of salient fingerprint features depends on the quality of the input fingerprint. If the fingerprint is very noisy, we are not able to detect a reliable set of features. A new fingerprint enhancement method, which is both iterative and contextual, is proposed. This approach detects high-quality regions in fingerprints, selectively applies contextual filtering and iteratively expands like wildfire toward low-quality ones. A precise estimation of the orientation field would greatly simplify the estimation of other fingerprint features (singular points, minutiae) and improve the performance of a fingerprint recognition system. The fingerprint orientation extraction is improved following two directions. First, after the introduction of a new taxonomy of fingerprint orientation extraction methods, several variants of baseline methods are implemented and, pointing out the role of pre- and post- processing, we show how to improve the extraction. Second, the introduction of a new hybrid orientation extraction method, which follows an adaptive scheme, allows to improve significantly the orientation extraction in noisy fingerprints. Scientific papers typically propose recognition systems that integrate many modules and therefore an automatic evaluation of fingerprint algorithms is needed to isolate the contributions that determine an actual progress in the state-of-the-art. The lack of a publicly available framework to compare fingerprint orientation extraction algorithms, motivates the introduction of a new benchmark area called FOE (including fingerprints and manually-marked orientation ground-truth) along with fingerprint matching benchmarks in the FVC-onGoing framework. The success of such framework is discussed by providing relevant statistics: more than 1450 algorithms submitted and two international competitions.

General effective medium model for the complex permittivity extraction with an open-ended coaxial probe in presence of a multilayer material under test

The work presented in this thesis is focused on the open-ended coaxial-probe frequency-domain reflectometry technique for complex permittivity measurement at microwave frequencies of dispersive dielectric multilayer materials. An effective dielectric model is introduced and validated to extend the applicability of this technique to multilayer materials in on-line system context. In addition, the thesis presents: 1) a numerical study regarding the imperfectness of the contact at the probe-material interface, 2) a review of the available models and techniques, 3) a new classification of the extraction schemes with guidelines on how they can be used to improve the overall performance of the probe according to the problem requirements.

Sulforaphane as a multifunctional neuroprotective molecule to prevent and slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, ischemia, etc. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is histopathologically characterized by the presence of extracellular senile plaque (SP), predominantly consisting of fibrillar amyloid-peptide (Aβ), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and cell loss in the selected regions of the brain. However, the pathogenesis of AD remains largely unknown, but a number of hypothesis were proposed for AD mechanisms, which include: the amyloid cascade, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation hypothesis, and all of them are based, to some extent on the role of A. Accumulated evidence indicates that the increased levels of ROS may act as important mediators of synaptic loss and eventually promote formation of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. Therefore a vicious circle between ROS and Aaccumulation may accelerate progression of AD. For these reasons, growing attention has focused on oxidative mechanism of Atoxicity as well as the search for novel neuroprotective agents. A strategy to prevent the oxidative stress in neurons may be the use of chemopreventive agents as inducers of antioxidant and phase 2 enzymes. Sulforaphane (SF), derived from corresponding glucoraphanin, glucosinolate found in abundance in cruciferous vegetables, has recently gained attention as a potential neuroprotective compound inducer of antioxidant phase 2 enzymes. Consistent with this evidence, the study is aimed at identifying the SF ability to prevent and counteract the oxidative damage inducted by oligomers of Aβ (1-42) in terms of impairment in the intracellular redox state and cellular death in differentiated human neuroblastoma and microglia primary cultures. In addition we will evaluated the mechanism underlying the SF neuroprotection activity.

Analysis of the Slow Food movement impact on the farmers and rural areas’ sustainable development

The evaluation of the farmers’ communities’ approach to the Slow Food vision, their perception of the Slow Food role in supporting their activity and their appreciation and expectations from participating in the event of Mother Earth were studied. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model was adopted in an agro-food sector context. A survey was conducted, 120 questionnaires from farmers attending the Mother Earth in Turin in 2010 were collected. The descriptive statistical analysis showed that both Slow Food membership and participation to Mother Earth Meeting were much appreciated for the support provided to their business and the contribution to a more sustainable and fair development. A positive social, environmental and psychological impact on farmers also resulted. Results showed also an interesting perspective on the possible universality of the Slow Food and Mother Earth values. Farmers declared that Slow Food is supporting them by preserving the biodiversity and orienting them to the use of local resources and reducing the chemical inputs. Many farmers mentioned the language/culture and administration/bureaucratic issues as an obstacle to be a member in the movement and to participate to the event. Participation to Mother Earth gives an opportunity to exchange information with other farmers’ communities and to participate to seminars and debates, helpful for their business development. The absolute majority of positive answers associated to the farmers’ willingness to relate to Slow Food and participate to the next Mother Earth editions negatively influenced the UTAUT model results. A factor analysis showed that the variables associated to the UTAUT model constructs Performance Expectancy and Effort Expectancy were consistent, able to explain the construct variability, and their measurement reliable. Their inclusion in a simplest Technology Acceptance Model could be considered in future researches.

Valorization of pomaces from the mechanical extraction of virgin olive oils in dairy animal feeding

This research work is aimed at the valorization of two types of pomace deriving from the extra virgin olive oil mechanical extraction process, such as olive pomace and a new by-product named “paté”, in the livestock sector as important sources of antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids. In the first research the suitability of dried stoned olive pomace as a dietary supplement for dairy buffaloes was evaluated. The effectiveness of this utilization in modifying fatty acid composition and improving the oxidative stability of buffalo milk and mozzarella cheese have been proven by means of the analysis of qualitative and quantitative parameters. In the second research the use of paté as a new by-product in dietary feed supplementation for dairy ewes, already fed with a source of unsaturated fatty acids such as extruded linseed, was studied in order to assess the effect of this combination on the dairy products obtained. The characterization of paté as a new by-product was also carried out, studying the optimal conditions of its stabilization and preservation at the same time. The main results, common to both researches, have been the detection and the characterization of hydrophilic phenols in the milk. The analytical detection of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in the ewes’ milk fed with the paté and hydroxytyrosol in buffalo fed with pomace showed for the first time the presence in the milk of hydroxytyrosol, which is one of the most important bioactive compounds of the oil industry products; the transfer of these antioxidants and the proven improvement of the quality of milk fat could positively interact in the prevention of some human cardiovascular diseases and some tumours, increasing in this manner the quality of dairy products, also improving their shelf-life. These results also provide important information on the bioavailability of these phenolic compounds.

Knowledge Patterns for the Web: extraction, tranformation and reuse

This thesis aims at investigating methods and software architectures for discovering what are the typical and frequently occurring structures used for organizing knowledge in the Web. We identify these structures as Knowledge Patterns (KPs). KP discovery needs to address two main research problems: the heterogeneity of sources, formats and semantics in the Web (i.e., the knowledge soup problem) and the difficulty to draw relevant boundary around data that allows to capture the meaningful knowledge with respect to a certain context (i.e., the knowledge boundary problem). Hence, we introduce two methods that provide different solutions to these two problems by tackling KP discovery from two different perspectives: (i) the transformation of KP-like artifacts to KPs formalized as OWL2 ontologies; (ii) the bottom-up extraction of KPs by analyzing how data are organized in Linked Data. The two methods address the knowledge soup and boundary problems in different ways. The first method provides a solution to the two aforementioned problems that is based on a purely syntactic transformation step of the original source to RDF followed by a refactoring step whose aim is to add semantics to RDF by select meaningful RDF triples. The second method allows to draw boundaries around RDF in Linked Data by analyzing type paths. A type path is a possible route through an RDF that takes into account the types associated to the nodes of a path. Then we present K~ore, a software architecture conceived to be the basis for developing KP discovery systems and designed according to two software architectural styles, i.e, the Component-based and REST. Finally we provide an example of reuse of KP based on Aemoo, an exploratory search tool which exploits KPs for performing entity summarization.

Secondary Microseisms Characterization and Green’s Function Extraction at the Larderello-Travale Geothermal Field (Italy)

Over the past ten years, the cross-correlation of long-time series of ambient seismic noise (ASN) has been widely adopted to extract the surface-wave part of the Green’s Functions (GF). This stochastic procedure relies on the assumption that ASN wave-field is diffuse and stationary. At frequencies <1Hz, the ASN is mainly composed by surface-waves, whose origin is attributed to the sea-wave climate. Consequently, marked directional properties may be observed, which call for accurate investigation about location and temporal evolution of the ASN-sources before attempting any GF retrieval. Within this general context, this thesis is aimed at a thorough investigation about feasibility and robustness of the noise-based methods toward the imaging of complex geological structures at the local (∼10-50km) scale. The study focused on the analysis of an extended (11 months) seismological data set collected at the Larderello-Travale geothermal field (Italy), an area for which the underground geological structures are well-constrained thanks to decades of geothermal exploration. Focusing on the secondary microseism band (SM;f>0.1Hz), I first investigate the spectral features and the kinematic properties of the noise wavefield using beamforming analysis, highlighting a marked variability with time and frequency. For the 0.1-0.3Hz frequency band and during Spring- Summer-time, the SMs waves propagate with high apparent velocities and from well-defined directions, likely associated with ocean-storms in the south- ern hemisphere. Conversely, at frequencies >0.3Hz the distribution of back- azimuths is more scattered, thus indicating that this frequency-band is the most appropriate for the application of stochastic techniques. For this latter frequency interval, I tested two correlation-based methods, acting in the time (NCF) and frequency (modified-SPAC) domains, respectively yielding esti- mates of the group- and phase-velocity dispersions. Velocity data provided by the two methods are markedly discordant; comparison with independent geological and geophysical constraints suggests that NCF results are more robust and reliable.