La globalizzazione della bioetica: Analisi della bioetica latinoamericana

La tesi esplora la riflessione bioetica latino-americana e la sua evoluzione, valutandone i legami, intenzionali e non, con le posizioni bioetiche più consolidate e tendenzialmente dominanti del panorama internazionale. La trattazione indaga lo sviluppo della bioetica nel sub-continente latinoamericano, ponendo in evidenza lo sviluppo delle teorie morali che definiscono l'orizzonte interpretativo del dibattito contemporaneo, come pure le peculiarità della produzione sudamericana in materia di bioetica e la casistica tipica di questi territori. Per una comprensione delle caratteristiche di un pensiero bioetico, tipico di un territorio in via di sviluppo, la tesi presenta la trattazione di due precisi case studies: A- Il progetto peruviano: Propuesta de incorporación del enfoque intercultural y de representantes indígenas en los comités de ética en países multiculturales; B- La biomedicina e gli xenotrapianti in Messico. L'analisi dei casi studio è funzionale alla messa in luce delle caratteristiche costitutive del pensiero latinoamericano e della casistica tipica del territorio. La bioetica Latinoamericana, infatti, sviluppatasi circa con vent'anni di ritardo rispetto ai luoghi di nascita di questa disciplina (Gran Bretagna e USA), rivendica l'esigenza di un dibattito e di una prassi bioetica autoctone, capaci quindi di riassumere in sé stesse concetti e principi declinabili all'interno delle esperienze e delle concrete esigenze che prendono forma nella realtà culturale e socio-economica. Per questo motivo si discosta dalle cosiddette teorie bioetiche classiche rivendicando una bioetica di contestazione che si vincola costitutivamente al linguaggio dei diritti umani. La tesi propone inoltre l'utilizzo dei dati emersi dai casi studio per sviluppare una riflessione sulle modalità e su alcuni esiti della globalizzazione della bioetica. L’analisi si avvale di strumenti e categorie proprie della sociologia, dell’economia e della politica al fine di mettere in evidenza le diverse componenti costitutive e le criticità della bioetica globalizzata.

The abuse of intellectual property rights and regulations in China: a law and economic analysis

From the institutional point of view, the legal system of IPR (intellectual property right, hereafter, IPR) is one of incentive institutions of innovation and it plays very important role in the development of economy. According to the law, the owner of the IPR enjoy a kind of exclusive right to use his IP(intellectual property, hereafter, IP), in other words, he enjoys a kind of legal monopoly position in the market. How to well protect the IPR and at the same time to regulate the abuse of IPR is very interested topic in this knowledge-orientated market and it is the basic research question in this dissertation. In this paper, by way of comparing study and by way of law and economic analyses, and based on the Austrian Economics School’s theories, the writer claims that there is no any contradiction between the IPR and competition law. However, in this new economy (high-technology industries), there is really probability of the owner of IPR to abuse his dominant position. And with the characteristics of the new economy, such as, the high rates of innovation, “instant scalability”, network externality and lock-in effects, the IPR “will vest the dominant undertakings with the power not just to monopolize the market but to shift such power from one market to another, to create strong barriers to enter and, in so doing, granting the perpetuation of such dominance for quite a long time.”1 Therefore, in order to keep the order of market, to vitalize the competition and innovation, and to benefit the customer, in EU and US, it is common ways to apply the competition law to regulate the IPR abuse. In Austrian Economic School perspective, especially the Schumpeterian theories, the innovation/competition/monopoly and entrepreneurship are inter-correlated, therefore, we should apply the dynamic antitrust model based on the AES theories to analysis the relationship between the IPR and competition law. China is still a developing country with relative not so high ability of innovation. Therefore, at present, to protect the IPR and to make good use of the incentive mechanism of IPR legal system is the first important task for Chinese government to do. However, according to the investigation reports,2 based on their IPR advantage and capital advantage, some multinational companies really obtained the dominant or monopoly market position in some aspects of some industries, and there are some IPR abuses conducted by such multinational companies. And then, the Chinese government should be paying close attention to regulate any IPR abuse. However, how to effectively regulate the IPR abuse by way of competition law in Chinese situation, from the law and economic theories’ perspective, from the legislation perspective, and from the judicial practice perspective, there is a long way for China to go!