Le neoplasie del gatto. Ricerche istologiche e immunoistochimiche

Il contributo di ricerca di questo lavoro è consistito nel rivalutare da un punto di vista diagnostico, classificativo e statistico, una casistica di neoplasie del gatto archiviate in 23 anni (1984-2006). Nei primi 20 anni sono state diagnosticate 1696 neoplasie su un totale di 3682 campioni prevenuti nello stesso periodo, con una prevalenza delle patologie di tipo neoplastico del 46,06%. Nei tre anni successivi sono state individuate 382 neoplasie su un totale di 601 campioni archiviati, con una prevalenza del 61,02%. Le neoplasie avevano per l'81,8% un comportamento maligno, e questo dato risulta coerente con il dato più recente sulla malignità (85,6%) e con quello fornito da altri autori. L'età dei soggetti affetti era simile nei due studi, compresa fra pochi mesi e 22 anni, con il maggior numero di casi fra 9 e 13 anni. Le due casistiche presentano inoltre dati simili riguardo gli organi coinvolti anche se i tumori della mammella sono notevolmente diminuiti negli ultimi anni, con un aumento corrispondente di neoplasie cutanee. I fibrosarcomi, che hanno subito un drastico aumento tra il 1993 e il 1994 si sono mantenuti costanti in tutti gli anni successivi, dato ancora oggi quasi certamente correlabile alle pratiche vaccinali. I linfomi sono risultati piuttosto infrequenti in entrambe le casistiche, comparate con i dati della letteratura in cui vengono riportate percentuali nettamente maggiori. I tumori del cavo orale e dell'intestino hanno mantenuto circa le stesse percentuali di insorgenza nel corso degli anni. Tra i tumori presenti in questo studio, sono stati approfonditi i tumori a carico delle sierose (mesoteliomi) e del polmone attraverso metodiche immunoistochimiche e ultrastrutturali. Nei 23 anni sono stati diagnosticati 10 casi di mesotelioma, di cui 8 coinvolgenti la pleura e due il peritoneo. Su questi casi è stata applicata una metodica immunoistochimica con un pannello anticorpale utilizzato di routine in patologia umana per la diagnosi di mesotelioma e per la diagnosi differenziale con i carcinomi polmonari. Tutti i casi presentavano una doppia positività per vimentina e citocheratine ad ampio spettro; anticorpi specifici come CK5/6 e HBME-1 hanno presentato una buona specificità. Anche la microscopia elettronica si è rivelata di ausilio, mettendo in evidenza la presenza di tonofilamenti citoplasmatici e di microvilli, tipici delle cellule mesoteliali. Le neoplasie polmonari, analogamente a quelle umane hanno, sono notevolmente aumentate negli ultimi anni. Dei 24 casi raccolti tra il materiale di archivio, 14 sono stati diagnosticati negli ultimi 5 anni. Si è rilevata una significativa predisposizione nei gatti di razza Persiana, e le metastasi più frequenti sono state a carico dei linfonodi, del miocardio e dei cuscinetti plantari, analogamente a quanto segnalato in letteratura. L’istotipo più rappresentato è stato il carcinoma squamoso, seguito da adenocarcinomi papillari e bronchioloalveolari. Il pannello immunoistochimico applicato, finalizzato a individuare l’origine broncogena o ghiandolare della neoplasia, è risultato utile per la diagnosi delle forme squamose poco differenziate (CK 5/6 e CK 14). Infine è stato testato l’anticorpo di elezione nella diagnosi differenziale fra le neoplasie primitive e secondarie del polmone, il TTF-1, che però non ha cross-reagito con tessuti di gatto; la diagnosi di neoplasia primitiva polmonare si è dunque basata sull’assenza, anche nei dati anamnestici, di masse in altri distretti corporei.

Meccanismi di formazione dei tubi di lava

Two analytical models are proposed to describe two different mechanisms of lava tubes formation. A first model is introduced to describe the development of a solid crust in the central region of the channel, and the formation of a tube when crust widens until it reaches the leve\'es. The Newtonian assumption is considered and the steady state Navier- Stokes equation in a rectangular conduit is solved. A constant heat flux density assigned at the upper flow surface resumes the combined effects of two thermal processes: radiation and convection into the atmosphere. Advective terms are also included, by the introduction of velocity into the expression of temperature. Velocity is calculated as an average value over the channel width, so that lateral variations of temperature are neglected. As long as the upper flow surface cools, a solid layer develops, described as a plastic body, having a resistance to shear deformation. If the applied shear stress exceeds this resistance, crust breaks, otherwise, solid fragments present at the flow surface can weld together forming a continuous roof, as it happens in the sidewall flow regions. Variations of channel width, ground slope and effusion rate are analyzed, as parameters that strongly affect the shear stress values. Crust growing is favored when the channel widens, and tube formation is possible when the ground slope or the effusion rate reduce. A comparison of results is successfully made with data obtained from the analysis of pictures of actual flows. The second model describes the formation of a stable, well defined crust along both channel sides, their growing towards the center and their welding to form the tube roof. The fluid motion is described as in the model above. Thermal budget takes into account conduction into the atmosphere, and advection is included considering the velocity depending both on depth and channel width. The solidified crust has a non uniform thickness along the channel width. Stresses acting on the crust are calculated using the equations of the elastic thin plate, pinned at its ends. The model allows to calculate the distance where crust thickness is able to resist the drag of the underlying fluid and to sustain its weight by itself, and the level of the fluid can lower below the tube roof. Viscosity and thermal conductivity have been experimentally investigated through the use of a rotational viscosimeter. Analyzing samples coming from Mount Etna (2002) the following results have been obtained: the fluid is Newtonian and the thermal conductivity is constant in a range of temperature above the liquidus. For lower temperature, the fluid becomes non homogeneous, and the used experimental techniques are not able to detect any properties, because measurements are not reproducible.

Alterazioni dell'immunità umorale nei pazienti con sarcoma di Kaposi classico: caratterizzazione dei linfociti B circolanti e delle loro sottopopolazioni

Objectives: Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent of Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) and it is also associated with two B cell lymphoproliferative diseases: primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and the plasmablastic form of multicentric Castelman’s disease (MCD). HHV-8 establishes persistent infection in the host with tropism for multiple cell types. In KS patients, the virus is found in tumor-spindle cells, peripheral blood monocytes, endothelial progenitor circulating cells, T and B lymphocytes. Peripheral B cells represent one of the major virus reservoir, but the consequences of HHV-8 infection of these cells have been poorly characterized. Therefore, in this study the frequency, the immunophenotypic profile and the functional activity of different peripheral B cell subsets in patients with classic KS (cKS) was analysed in order to identify potential alterations of these cells. The classic variant of KS is ideal to perform such studies, as it lacks confounding factors such as HIV or EBV infection and immunosuppression. Methods: Whole-blood samples from patients with the classical form of KS (cKS) (n=62) and healthy age and sex-matched seronegative controls (HSN) (n=43) were analyzed by multiparametric flow-cytometry to determine the frequency of B cells and their subpopulations, as well as their surface expression of immunoglobulins and activation markers. Results: The frequency of circulating B cells was significantly higher in cKS patients than in controls. In particular, the analysis of the B cell subsets revealed a higher frequency of naïve B cells (CD19+CD27-), among which transitional CD19+CD38highCD5+ and pre-naïve (CD27-CD38intCD5+ ) B cells demonstrated an expansion. Memory B cells (CD19+CD27+) did not differ between the two study groups, except from a higher frequency of CD19+CD27+IgM+IgD+ B cells, the typical phenotype of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, in cKS patients. The characterization of membrane surface activation markers showed lower levels of the activation marker HLA-DR only on CD27- B cells, while CD80 and CD86 were less represented in all the the B cells from cKS patients. Moreover, B cells from cKS patients were smaller and with less granules than the ones from controls. Conclusion: Taken together, these results clearly indicate that circulating B cells are altered in patients with cKS, showing an expansion of the immature phenotypes. These B cell alterations may be due to an indirect viral effect rather than to a direct one: the cytokines expressed in the microenvironment typical of cKS may cause a faster release of immature cells from the bone marrow and a lower grade of peripheral differentiation, as already suggested for other chronic viral infections such as HIV and HCV. Further studies will be necessary to understand how these alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of KS and, eventually, to the different clinical evolution of the disease.

Advanced SPM studies on the growth of ultrathin films of organic semiconductors at metal and dielectric interfaces

Many studies on the morphology, molecular orientation, device performance, substrate nature and growth parameter dependence have been carried out since the proposal of Sexithiophene (6T) for organic electronics [ ] However, these studies were mostly performed on films thicker than 20nm and without specifically addressing the relationship between morphology and molecular orientation within the nano and micro structures of ultrathin films of 0-3 monolayers. In 2004, the observation that in OFETs only the first few monolayers at the interface in contact with the gate insulator contribute to the charge transport [ ], underlined the importance to study submonolayer films and their evolution up to a few monolayers of thickness with appropriate experimental techniques. We present here a detailed Non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy study on various substrates aiming at the investigation of growth mechanisms. Most reported similar studies are performed on ideal metals in UHV. However it is important to investigate the details of organic film growth on less ideal and even technological surfaces and device testpatterns. The present work addresses the growth of ultra thin organic films in-situ and quasi real-time by NC-AFM. An organic effusion cell is installed to evaporate the organic material directly onto the SPM sample scanning stage.

Reconstruction of Etna recent flank eruptions for assessing diversion barrier project

The thesis contributed to the volcanic hazard assessment through the reconstruction of some historical flank eruptions of Etna in order to obtain quantitative data (volumes, effusion rates, etc.) for characterizing the recent effusive activity, quantifying the impact on the territory and defining mitigation actions for reducing the volcanic risk as for example containment barriers. The reconstruction was based on a quantitative approach using data extracted from aerial photographs and topographic maps. The approach allows to obtain the temporal evolution of the lava flow field and estimating the Time Average Discharge Rate (TADR) by dividing the volume emplaced over a given time interval for the corresponding duration. The analysis concerned the 2001, 1981 and 1928 Etna eruptions. The choice of these events is linked to their impact on inhabited areas. The results of the analysis showed an extraordinarily high effusion rate for the 1981 and 1928 eruptions (over 600 m^3/s), unusual for Etna eruptions. For the 1981 Etna eruption an eruptive model was proposed to explain the high discharge rate. The obtained TADRs were used as input data for simulations of the propagation of the lava flows for evaluating different scenarios of volcanic hazard and analyse different mitigation actions against lava flow invasion. It was experienced how numerical simulations could be adopted for evaluating the effectiveness of barrier construction and for supporting their optimal design. In particular, the gabions were proposed as an improvement for the construction of barriers with respect to the earthen barriers. The gabion barriers allow to create easily modular structures reducing the handled volumes and the intervention time. For evaluating operational constrain an experimental test was carried out to test the filling of the gabions with volcanic rock and evaluating their deformation during transport and placement.

Applicazioni cliniche e sperimentali dell’ecografia toracica in pneumologia: la diagnostica precoce delle patologie pleuropolmonari

Lung ultrasound use is increasing in respiratory medicine thanks to its development in the latest years. Actually it allows to study diseases of the chest wall (traumas, infections, neoplasms), diaphragm (paralysis, ipokinesis), pleura (effusions, pneumothorax, thickenings, neoplasms) and lung parenchyma (consolidations, interstitial syndromes, peripheral lesions). One of the most useful application of chest ultrasound is the evaluation of effusions. However, no standardized approach for ultrasound-guided thoracenthesis is available. Our study showed that our usual ultrasonographic landmark (“V-point”) could be a standard site to perform thoracenthesis: in 45 thoracenthesis no pneumothorax occurred, drainage was always successful at first attempt. Values of maximum thickness at V-point and drained fluid volume showed a significative correlation. Proteins concentration of ultrasound patterns of effusions (anechoic, ipoechoic, moving echoic spots, dense moving spots, hyperechoic) were compared to those of the macroscopic features of fluids showing connection between light-yellow fluid and echoic moving spots pattern and between ipoechoic/dense moving spots and cloudy-yellow/serum-haematic fluids. These observations suggest that ultrasound could predict chemical-physical features of effusions. Lung ultrasound provides useful information about many disease of the lung, but actually there is not useful in obstructive bronchial diseases. Analysing diaphragmatic kinetics using M-mode through transhepatic scan we described a similarity between diaphragm excursion during an expiratory forced maneuver and the volume/time curve of spirometry. This allowed us to identify the M-mode Index of Obstruction (MIO), an ultrasound-analogue of FEV1/VC. We observed MIO values of normal subjects (9) and obstructed patients (9) comparing the two groups. FEV1/VC and MIO showed a significant correlation suggesting that MIO may be affected by airways obstruction; MIO values were significatively different between normal and obstructed so that it could identify an obstructive syndrome. The data show that it is possible to suspect the presence of obstructive syndrome of the airways using ultrasonography of the diaphragm.