Profili critici in materia di transnational group action

La presente tesi di dottorato ha ad oggetto l’analisi dei profili critici emersi nella prassi in relazione alle transnational damages group actions. All’interno di tale esteso ambito di ricerca, senza pretese di esaustività, si affronteranno determinati aspetti, tenendo in considerazione quanto accaduto negli ordinamenti che, sebbene in modo assai limitato, hanno già conosciuto tali problematiche. A seguito di una prima parte meramente introduttiva, nel secondo capitolo, si inquadreranno brevemente gli strumenti di tutela collettiva risarcitoria, indicando in che cosa consistano, a quali esigenze rispondano e quale origine abbiano; si indicheranno altresì i criteri distintivi e di classificazione che maggiormente possono rilevare nell’ottica di una cross border litigation. Nel terzo capitolo si analizzerà in termini essenziali la disciplina delle azioni collettive di alcuni Paesi, al fine di porre le basi necessarie per comprendere in quale contesto normativo si pongano le problematiche inerenti alle multi-jurisdictional collective redress actions. Nel quarto capitolo, si prenderà in considerazione la dimensione transnazionale delle azioni collettive, tenendo presenti le categorie e le regole affermatesi nel diritto internazionale privato e processuale e, soprattutto, quelle esistenti nell’ordinamento italiano e comunitario. Si individueranno poi gli obiettivi prioritari che si deve porre il giudice richiesto di giudicare sull’azione collettiva nella necessità di rendere una pronuncia o approvare una transazione che, da un lato, sia riconosciuta ed eseguita nei Paesi in cui dovrà essere riconosciuta ed eseguita e che, dall’altro lato, in ipotesi di opt out procedure, precluda ai soggetti che la pronuncia o la transazione dovrebbe vincolare successive azioni individuali e/o collettive in altri Paesi. Nel quinto capitolo, alla luce dei dati indicati nel terzo capitolo e delle considerazioni effettuate nel quarto capitolo, si analizzeranno alcuni dei profili critici posti dalla dimensione transnazionale delle azioni collettive; a tal fine, la trattazione verrà suddivisa in diversi punti che, pur essendo necessariamente connessi tra loro, nella loro individualità riescano ad evidenziare l’importanza e la centralità di determinate questioni. Peraltro, nell’intento di rispondere in modo adeguato alle problematiche analizzate, si indicheranno alcune delle soluzioni sperimentate dalla pratica giudiziaria o proposte dalla recente letteratura sul tema. Seguirà, infine, un ultimo capitolo contenente le osservazioni conclusive sugli esiti del lavoro.

Procedures of quality control and data analysis of multi-site ground-based observations for the absolute flux calibration of Gaia

The Gaia space mission is a major project for the European astronomical community. As challenging as it is, the processing and analysis of the huge data-flow incoming from Gaia is the subject of thorough study and preparatory work by the DPAC (Data Processing and Analysis Consortium), in charge of all aspects of the Gaia data reduction. This PhD Thesis was carried out in the framework of the DPAC, within the team based in Bologna. The task of the Bologna team is to define the calibration model and to build a grid of spectro-photometric standard stars (SPSS) suitable for the absolute flux calibration of the Gaia G-band photometry and the BP/RP spectrophotometry. Such a flux calibration can be performed by repeatedly observing each SPSS during the life-time of the Gaia mission and by comparing the observed Gaia spectra to the spectra obtained by our ground-based observations. Due to both the different observing sites involved and the huge amount of frames expected (≃100000), it is essential to maintain the maximum homogeneity in data quality, acquisition and treatment, and a particular care has to be used to test the capabilities of each telescope/instrument combination (through the “instrument familiarization plan”), to devise methods to keep under control, and eventually to correct for, the typical instrumental effects that can affect the high precision required for the Gaia SPSS grid (a few % with respect to Vega). I contributed to the ground-based survey of Gaia SPSS in many respects: with the observations, the instrument familiarization plan, the data reduction and analysis activities (both photometry and spectroscopy), and to the maintenance of the data archives. However, the field I was personally responsible for was photometry and in particular relative photometry for the production of short-term light curves. In this context I defined and tested a semi-automated pipeline which allows for the pre-reduction of imaging SPSS data and the production of aperture photometry catalogues ready to be used for further analysis. A series of semi-automated quality control criteria are included in the pipeline at various levels, from pre-reduction, to aperture photometry, to light curves production and analysis.

Optimization of purification procedures in organic semiconductor synthesis for improving the performances of organic field-effect transistors

The aim of the research activity focused on the investigation of the correlation between the degree of purity in terms of chemical dopants in organic small molecule semiconductors and their electrical and optoelectronic performances once introduced as active material in devices. The first step of the work was addressed to the study of the electrical performances variation of two commercial organic semiconductors after being processed by means of thermal sublimation process. In particular, the p-type 2,2′′′-Dihexyl-2,2′:5′,2′′:5′′,2′′′-quaterthiophene (DH4T) semiconductor and the n-type 2,2′′′- Perfluoro-Dihexyl-2,2′:5′,2′′:5′′,2′′′-quaterthiophene (DFH4T) semiconductor underwent several sublimation cycles, with consequent improvement of the electrical performances in terms of charge mobility and threshold voltage, highlighting the benefits brought by this treatment to the electric properties of the discussed semiconductors in OFET devices by the removal of residual impurities. The second step consisted in the provision of a metal-free synthesis of DH4T, which was successfully prepared without organometallic reagents or catalysts in collaboration with Dr. Manuela Melucci from ISOF-CNR Institute in Bologna. Indeed the experimental work demonstrated that those compounds are responsible for the electrical degradation by intentionally doping the semiconductor obtained by metal-free method by Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh3)4) and Tributyltin chloride (Bu3SnCl), as well as with an organic impurity, like 5-hexyl-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (HexT3) at, in different concentrations (1, 5 and 10% w/w). After completing the entire evaluation process loop, from fabricating OFET devices by vacuum sublimation with implemented intentionally-doped batches to the final electrical characterization in inherent-atmosphere conditions, commercial DH4T, metal-free DH4T and the intentionally-doped DH4T were systematically compared. Indeed, the fabrication of OFET based on doped DH4T clearly pointed out that the vacuum sublimation is still an inherent and efficient purification method for crude semiconductors, but also a reliable way to fabricate high performing devices.