"Mi bèl pawòl, mi!" Rappresentazione delle lingue e della parola nella narrativa di Patrick Chamoiseau e Raphael Confiant (1986-1994)

From 1986 to 1994, Patrick Chamoiseau and Raphaël Confiant published a series of fictional and non-fictional writings focusing on language issues. Interest in these themes can certainly in part be explained by the "surconscience linguistique" that Lise Gauvin attributes to Francophone authors: a linguistic over-awareness which, in the case of these two Martiniquais writers, may be attributed to their Creole-French diglossia. Although we might believe that the idea of Gauvin is right, it doesn't seem enough to explain why the linguistic theme plays such a central role in Chamoiseau's and Confiant's works. Deeply influenced by Glissant's theories on Creole popular culture and Antillean literature (Le discours antillais), they conceived a "Créolité" poetics based on a primarly identity-based and geopolitical discourse. Declaring the need to build an authentically Creole literary discourse, one that finally expresses the Martiniquais reality, Chamoiseau and Confiant (as well as Bernabé, third and last author of Éloge de la créolité) found the «foundations of [their] being» in orality and its poetics in the Creole language. This belief was maily translated into their works in two ways: by representing the (diglossic) relationships occurring between their first languages (Creole and French) and by representing the Creole parole (orality) and its function. An analysis of our authors' literary and theoretical writings will enable us to show how two works that develop around the same themes and thesis have in fact produced very divergent results, which were perhaps already perceivable in the main ambiguities of their common manifestos.

L'opera letteraria tra interpretazione e metafora: a partire da Nelson Goodman

Che rapporto intercorre tra un’opera letteraria e una sua interpretazione? Che cosa fa sì che la prima supporti la seconda? Come possiamo discernere un’interpretazione valida da una che non lo è ? Come può una stessa opera avere interpretazioni differenti e a volte incompatibili tra loro? Assumendo come punto di partenza la proposta di Nelson Goodman di qualificare l’opera letteraria come allografica e, quindi, di definire l’identità dell’opera sulla base della sua compitazione, cercare un risposta alle domande proposte implica un riflessione tanto sul linguaggio, quale strumento simbolico, quanto sulle modalità di riferimento proprie delle opere letterarie. In particolare, di fronte al dissolversi del mondo nella molteplicità delle versioni che il linguaggio può offrire di esso, una peculiare concezione della metafora, intesa come proiezione di un regno del linguaggio su un altro regno dello stesso, si qualifica come un buon modello per la comprensione del rapporto che lega opere letterarie e loro interpretazioni. In tal modo l’opera stessa non solo diviene significativa, ma, attraverso tale significazione, riesce anche a farsi produttiva, modificando, ampliando, ristrutturando la versione dal mondo dalla quale l’interprete-lettore prende le mosse. Ciascuna lettura di un’opera letteraria può infatti essere concepita come una via attraverso la quale ciò che nell’opera è detto viene proiettato sulla visione del mondo propria dell’interprete e di quanti possono condividerne il punto di vista. In tal modo le interpretazioni pongono le opere cui si riferiscono nelle condizioni di fornire un apporto significativo tanto alla comprensione quanto alla costituzione della nostra versione del mondo. E se ciò può avvenire in diversi modi, mutando le interpretazioni a seconda di chi le produce e delle circostanze in cui sorgono, l’opera evita la dissoluzione in virtù della compitazione che la identifica.

Moving toward stock units identification based on spatial population structure of marine species in the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent waters through multidisciplinary and holistic approaches for the sustainability of fisheries resources

Investigating stock identity of marine species in a multidisciplinary holistic approach can reveal patterns of complex spatial population structure and signatures of potential local adaptation. The population structure of common sole (Solea solea) in the Mediterranean Sea was delineated using genomic and otolith data, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers and otolith data. SNPs were correlated with environmental and spatial variables to evaluate the impact of these features on the actual genetic population structure. Integrated holistic approach was applied to combine the tracers with different spatio-temporal scales. SNPs data was also used to illustrate the population structure of European hake (Merluccius merluccius) within the Alboran Sea, extending into the neighboring Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. The aim was to identify patterns of neutral and potential adaptive genetic variation by applying seascape genomic framework. Results from both genetic and otolith data suggested significant divergence among putative populations of common sole, confirming a clear separation between Western, Adriatic Sea and Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Evidence of fine-scale population structure in the Western Mediterranean Sea was observed at outlier loci level and in the Adriatic. Our study not only indicates that separation among Mediterranean sole population is led primarily by neutral processes, but it also suggests the presence of local adaptation influenced by environmental and spatial factors. The holistic approach by considering the spatio-temporal scales of variation confirmed that the same pattern of separation between these geographical sites is currently occurring and has occurred for many generations. Results showed the occurrence of population structure in Merluccius merluccius by detecting westward–eastward differentiation among populations and distinct subgroups at a fine geographical scale using outlier SNPs. These results enhance the knowledge of the population structure of commercially relevant species to support the application of spatial stock assessment models, including a redefinition of fishery management units.