Cold cloud climatology over Europe and the Mediterranean during the warm season from Meteosat IR imagery

Thermal infrared (IR, 10.5 – 12.5 m) images from the Meteosat Visible and Infrared Imager (MVIRI) of cold cloud episodes (cloud top brightness temperature < 241 K) are used as a proxy of precipitating clouds to derive a warm season (May-August) climatology of their coherency, duration, span, and speed over Europe and the Mediterranean. The analysis focuses over the 30°-54°N, 15°W-40°E domain in May-August 1996-2005. Harmonic analysis using discrete Fourier transforms is applied together with a statistical analysis and an investigation of the diurnal cycle. This study has the objective to make available a set of results on the propagation dynamics of the cloud systems with the aim of assist numerical modellers in improving summer convection parameterization. The zonal propagation of cold cloud systems is accompanied by a weak meridional component confined to narrow latitude belts. The persistence of cold clouds over the area evidences the role of orography, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkans and Anatolia. A diurnal oscillation is found with a maximum marking the initiation of convection in the lee of the mountains and shifting from about 1400 UTC at 40°E to 1800 UTC at 0°. A moderate eastward propagation of the frequency maximum from all mountain chains across the domain exists and the diurnal maxima are completely suppressed west of 5°W. The mean power spectrum of the cold cloud frequency distribution evidences a period of one day all over Europe disappearing over the ocean (west of 10°W). Other maxima are found in correspondence of 6 to 10 days in the longitudes from 15° W to 0° and indicate the activity of the westerlies with frontal passage over the continent. Longer periods activities (from 15 up to 30 days) were stronger around 10° W and from 5° W to 15° E and are likely related to the Madden Julian Oscillation influence. The maxima of the diurnal signal are in phase with the presence of elevated terrain and with land masses. A median zonal phase speed of 16.1 ms-1 is found for all events ≥ 1000 km and ≥ 20 h and a full set of results divided by years and recurrence categories is also presented.

Sustainability and environmental impact of the Italian ceramic tile industry

The increasing consumption rates among citizens and the uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources have made environmental pollution and management of waste the main problems facing humanity in its upcoming future. Together with generation of energy and transport, industrial production certainly plays a key role in the genesis of these problems. It is for this reason that the concepts of environmental, social and economic sustainability have emerged over the years as the cornerstones for future development. In light of this, the most forward-looking industries have begun to study their impact on environment and society in order to improve their performances and, at the same time, to anticipate the increasingly rigorous environmental regulations. In this work, various performance indicators related to the Italian ceramic tile sector will be presented and discussed. In particular, the emission factor of characteristic pollutants will be reported on a period of up to fifteen years while data regarding waste management, concentration of pollutants and emission legal limits for the last decade will be here disclosed as a result of a vast analysis on recorded data. The collected information describes the present level of performance of the ceramic tile manufacturing industries in Italy and shows how recycling is now a consolidated reality and how some pollutants, such as particulate matter, fluorine and lead are actually disappearing from production processes and how others, such as volatile organic compounds, are increasing instead. Moreover, the adoption of alternative raw materials for the production of ceramic tiles is discussed and the implementation of the recycling of various waste is addressed at experimental or industrial scale. Finally, the development of a new ceramic engobe with high content of waste glass (20%) is presented as an experimental example of reutilization of resources in the ceramic tile industry.

Sparizione dello Stato e migrazioni ambientali: diritto internazionale e cambiamento climatico

Il presente studio delinea alcuni degli effetti del cambiamento climatico sul diritto internazionale. Si concentra su due principali fenomeni, la scomparsa dello Stato e le migrazioni ambientali. Questa ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di dimostrare che, nonostante il cambiamento climatico abbia un forte impatto sulla vita di estese popolazioni e di molti Stati, il diritto internazionale attualmente non abbia ancora trovato gli strumenti adeguati per disciplinare le conseguenze di questi fenomeni. Per farlo ci si è basati sullo studio delle fonti del diritto internazionale, soprattutto di soft law, sugli studi della dottrina e su alcuni casi giurisprudenziali. L'elaborato è diviso in tre capitoli, un'introduzione e una conclusione. Il primo capitolo è dedicato al fenomeno dell'innalzamento del livello del mare e alle sue conseguenze sulla statualità, diritti umani e diritto del mare. Il secondo al fenomeno delle migrazioni ambientali e all’individuazione di una tutela per questa categoria. Il terzo si concentra sui tentativi volti alla previsione di una responsabilità degli Stati per mancata mitigazione degli effetti del cambiamento climatico andando ad analizzare due casi emblematici e le richieste pendenti di chiarimenti alle Corti in questo senso. Si indaga infine sulla possibilità e opportunità di investire un organo con potere coercitivo come il Consiglio di Sicurezza della responsabilità di far fronte all’inazione degli Stati rispetto alle minacce del cambiamento climatico, allo scopo di imporre il rispetto di determinati standard. Nonostante l’interesse della comunità internazionale rispetto a queste tematiche sia dimostrato dall’adozione di svariati strumenti di soft law volte all’inquadramento di questi fenomeni e alla tutela di Stati e individui, dal lavoro svolto emerge come ancora non sia matura la volontà di istituire un sistema adeguato ed effettivo.