Application of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques in the evaluation of the lipid fraction of animal products

Lipolysis and oxidation of lipids in foods are the major biochemical and chemical processes that cause food quality deterioration, leading to the characteristic, unpalatable odour and flavour called rancidity. In addition to unpalatability, rancidity may give rise to toxic levels of certain compounds like aldehydes, hydroperoxides, epoxides and cholesterol oxidation products. In this PhD study chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were employed to determine the degree of rancidity in different animal products and its relationship with technological parameters like feeding fat sources, packaging, processing and storage conditions. To achieve this goal capillary gas chromatography (CGC) was employed not only to determine the fatty acids profile but also, after solid phase extraction, the amount of free fatty acids (FFA), diglycerides (DG), sterols (cholesterol and phytosterols) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). To determine hydroperoxides, primary products of oxidation and quantify secondary products UV/VIS absorbance spectroscopy was applied. Most of the foods analysed in this study were meat products. In actual fact, lipid oxidation is a major deterioration reaction in meat and meat products and results in adverse changes in the colour, flavour and texture of meat. The development of rancidity has long recognized as a serious problem during meat handling, storage and processing. On a dairy product, a vegetal cream, a study of lipid fraction and development of rancidity during storage was carried out to evaluate its shelf-life and some nutritional features life saturated/unsaturated fatty acids ratio and phytosterols content. Then, according to the interest that has been growing around functional food in the last years, a new electrophoretic method was optimized and compared with HPLC to check the quality of a beehive product like royal jelly. This manuscript reports the main results obtained in the five activities briefly summarized as follows: 1) comparison between HPLC and a new electrophoretic method in the evaluation of authenticity of royal jelly; 2) study of the lipid fraction of a vegetal cream under different storage conditions; 3) study of lipid oxidation in minced beef during storage under a modified atmosphere packaging, before and after cooking; 4) evaluation of the influence of dietary fat and processing on the lipid fraction of chicken patties; 5) study of the lipid fraction of typical Italian and Spanish pork dry sausages and cured hams.

Cellule staminali mesenchimali umane da molteplici tessuti adulti: caratteristiche condivise e tessuto-specificità

L’attività di ricerca ha riguardato lo studio di popolazioni di cellule staminali mesenchimali umane (MSC) ottenute da molteplici tessuti adulti. Sono state investigate sorgenti di MSC alternative al midollo osseo, libere da conflitti etici, dotate di vantaggi per l’applicabilità clinica che vanno dalla elevata resa nel recupero cellulare alla tessuto-specificità. Le cellule ottenute dalle diverse sorgenti sono state caratterizzate immunofenotipicamente, commissionate mediante protocolli di induzione specifici per i diversi tipi cellulari ed analizzate con opportuni saggi istologici, immunoistochimici, di espressione genica e proteica. Esperimenti di cocoltura hanno permesso la descrizione di capacità immunomodulatorie e trofiche. - La placenta a termine risulta essere una ricca sorgente di cellule staminali mesenchimali (MSC). Dalla membrana amniotica, dal corion e dalla gelatina di Wharton del cordone ombelicale sono state ottenute MSC con potenzialità differenziative verso commissionamenti mesenchimali, con capacità immunomodulatorie e trofiche. Tali tessuti sono ampiamente disponibili, garantiscono una elevata resa nel recupero cellulare e sono liberi da conflitti etici. - Due popolazioni di cellule con caratteristiche di MSC sono state individuate nella mucosa e nella sottomucosa intestinale. Queste cellule possiedono caratteristiche di tessuto-specificità, sono dotate di attività trofiche ed immunomodulatorie che potrebbero essere vantaggiose per approcci di terapia cellulare in patologie quali le Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali (IBD). - Popolazioni di cellule staminali con caratteristiche simili alle MSC sono state ottenute da isole pancreatiche. Tali popolazioni possiedono vantaggi di tessuto-specificità per approcci di terapia cellulare per il Diabete. - Sono stati investigati ed individuati marcatori molecolari (molecole HLA-G) correlati con il livello di attività immunomodulatoria delle MSC. La valutazione di tali marcatori potrebbere permettere di determinare l’attività immunosoppressiva a priori del trapianto, con l’obiettivo di scegliere le popolazioni di MSC più adatte per l’applicazione e di definirne il dosaggio. - E’ stato messa a punto una metodica e una strumentazione per il frazionamento di cellule staminali in Campo Flusso in assenza di marcatura (NEEGA-DF). Questa metodica permette di discriminare sottopopolazioni cellulari in base a caratteristiche biofisiche.

Impiego di cellule staminali in terapia veterinaria

Over the past few years, in veterinary medicine there has been an increased interest in understanding the biology of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This interest comes from their potential clinical use especially in wound repair, tissue engineering and application in therapeutics fields, including regenerative surgery. MSCs can be isolated directly from bone marrow aspirates, adipose tissue, umbilical cord and various foetal tissues. In this study, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from equine bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord blood, Wharton’s Jelly and, for the first time, amniotic fluid. All these cell lines underwent in vitro differentiation in chondrocytes, osteocytes and adipocytes. After molecular characterization, cells resulted positive for mesenchymal markers such as CD90, CD105, CD44 and negative for CD45, CD14, CD34 and CD73. Adipose tissue and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were successfully applied in the treatment of tendinitis in race horses. Furthermore, for the first time in the horse, skin wounds of septicemic foal, were treated applying amniotic stem cells. Finally, results never reported have been obtained in the present study, isolating mesenchymal stem cells from domestic cat foetal fluid and membranes. All cell lines underwent in vitro differentiation and expressed mesenchymal molecular markers.

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and induced Plutipotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) in Domestic Animals: Characterization and Differentiation Potential

Derivation of stem cell lines from domesticated animals has been of great interest as it benefits translational medicine, clinical applications to improve human and animal health and biotechnology. The main types of stem cells studied are Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) and Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs). This thesis had two main aims: (I) The isolation of bovine MSCs from amniotic fluid (AF) at different trimesters of pregnancy and their characterization to study pluripotency markers expression. Stemness markers were studied also in MSCs isolated from equine AF, Wharton’s jelly (WJ) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) as continuation of the characterization of these cells previously performed by our research group; (II) The establishment and characterization of iPSCs lines in two attractive large animal models for biomedical and biotechnology research such as the bovine and the swine, and the differentiation into the myogenic lineage of porcine iPSCs. It was observed that foetal tissues in domestic animals such as the bovine and the horse represent a source of MSCs able to differentiate into the mesodermal lineage but they do not proliferate indefinitely and they lack the expression of many pluripotency markers, making them an interesting source of cells for regenerative medicine, but not the best candidate to elucidate pluripotency networks. The protocol used to induce pluripotency in bovine fibroblasts did not work, as well as the chemical induction of pluripotency in porcine fibroblasts, while the reprogramming protocol used for porcine iPSCs was successful and the line generated was amenable to being differentiated into the myogenic lineage, demonstrating that they could be addressed into a desired lineage by genetic modification and appropriated culture conditions. Only a few cell types have been differentiated from domestic animal iPSCs to date, so the development of a reliable directed-differentiation protocol represents a very important result.