Musical tension in harmonic intervals: behavioral and neural correlates

Musical tension is what drives our emotional experience in music listening. However, the specific role of the musical elements involved in tension-resolution perception remains largely unclear. This dissertation aims to advance the understanding of tension perception dynamics related to sensory consonance-dissonance. The first experiment aimed to design and validate a new crossmodal proprioceptive device for tension rating that overcomes some of the limitations of known tools. As a result, a psychophysical equation for the matching of physical force and psychological force was presented. The same tool was subsequently used in the second and third experiments to collect ratings of perceived tension and movement in harmonic musical intervals and standard noises. Besides, a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to allow a comparison of these two methods. The results confirmed the close relationship between sensory dissonance and perceived tension. Moreover, stimuli in the higher pitch register were perceived as more tense, confirming the primary role of pitch as a mediator of tension. The comparison between ratings obtained with the proprioceptive device and the VAS highlighted the tendency to give higher tension ratings using the VAS compared to the proprioceptive device. In the last experiment, brain electrical activity was recorded during the presentation of short tension-resolution patterns created using the most tense (perfect unison, fourth, and fifth) and the least tense harmonic intervals (augmented fourth, minor second, and inverted major seventh) to understand how consonance-dissonance can convey meaningful information on perceived tension-resolution. Results showed overall larger effects during the ‘resolution’ condition compare to the ‘tension induction’ condition, indicating that the resolution of harmonic instability towards a state of stability may be more salient than its opposite. A late positive component (LPC) was elicited, possibly reflecting deeper processing of tension-related meaning within a minimal harmonic context.

Infezioni a trasmissione materno-fetale: impatto del colloquio specialistico esperto sulla paziente in gravidanza.

INTRODUZIONE: Un’inadeguata informazione in gravidanza può condurre ad una sovrastima della percezione del rischio materno-fetale da parte della paziente. OBIETTIVI: Dimostrare l’impatto di un colloquio medico con operatori esperti nel campo delle infezioni materno-fetali sull’ansia materna e sulla propensione della paziente a interrompere la gravidanza. DISEGNO DELLO STUDIO: Studio monocentrico osservazionale prospettico di coorte su una serie consecutiva di 185 pazienti con diagnosi confermata di malattia infettiva in gravidanza. Il livello di preoccupazione materna è stato investigato tramite tre questionari sottoposti alla paziente prima e dopo il colloquio medico con operatori esperti e in seguito alla diagnostica ecografica di approfondimento. RISULTATI: 171 pazienti (92.4%) hanno compilato la Scala Visuo-Analogica (VAS) sulla preoccupazione materna prima e in seguito al colloquio medico, e ciò ha mostrato decremento significativo nel livello di ansia (VAS, −25,8; CI 95%, da−29,9 a −21,7). Livelli più alti di preoccupazione hanno presentato meno margine di riduzione, e le infezioni ad alto rischio di danno fetale si sono mostrate correlate ad un minore decremento nello stato di ansia materna. Nel gruppo delle 82 pazienti (53,2%) che hanno eseguito una diagnostica ecografica di secondo livello, la preoccupazione materna è risultata significativamente minore rispetto a quella registrata dopo il consulto medico (VAS, −16,6; CI del 95%, da−22,9 a −10,3). Si è inoltre mostrata una diminuzione della propensione all’interruzione di gravidanza prima e dopo il colloquio medico (VAS, −19,4; intervallo di confidenza del 95%, da−23,6 a −15,2). Nelle 73 pazienti (45,1%) che hanno eseguito una ecografia morfologica di secondo livello, si è mostrata una riduzione nella tendenza all’interruzione di gravidanza (VAS, −13.4; CI 95%, da−19,1 a −7.7). CONCLUSIONI: Un colloquio medico esperto nel campo delle infezioni materno-fetali può diminuire l’ansia materna migliorando la qualità della vita durante la gestazione, e ridurre la propensione della paziente all’interruzione volontaria di gravidanza.

Numerical Modelling of Graphene Nanoribbon-fets for Analog and Digital Applications

Graphene, that is a monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has been isolated only recently from graphite. This material shows very attractive physical properties, like superior carrier mobility, current carrying capability and thermal conductivity. In consideration of that, graphene has been the object of large investigation as a promising candidate to be used in nanometer-scale devices for electronic applications. In this work, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), that are narrow strips of graphene, for which a band-gap is induced by the quantum confinement of carriers in the transverse direction, have been studied. As experimental GNR-FETs are still far from being ideal, mainly due to the large width and edge roughness, an accurate description of the physical phenomena occurring in these devices is required to have valuable predictions about the performance of these novel structures. A code has been developed to this purpose and used to investigate the performance of 1 to 15-nm wide GNR-FETs. Due to the importance of an accurate description of the quantum effects in the operation of graphene devices, a full-quantum transport model has been adopted: the electron dynamics has been described by a tight-binding (TB) Hamiltonian model and transport has been solved within the formalism of the non-equilibrium Green's functions (NEGF). Both ballistic and dissipative transport are considered. The inclusion of the electron-phonon interaction has been taken into account in the self-consistent Born approximation. In consideration of their different energy band-gap, narrow GNRs are expected to be suitable for logic applications, while wider ones could be promising candidates as channel material for radio-frequency applications.

Spatio-temporal models of the functional architecture of the visual cortex

In this work I tried to explore many aspects of cognitive visual science, each one based on different academic fields, proposing mathematical models capable to reproduce both neuro-physiological and phenomenological results that were described in the recent literature. The structure of my thesis is mainly composed of three chapters, corresponding to the three main areas of research on which I focused my work. The results of each work put the basis for the following, and their ensemble form an homogeneous and large-scale survey on the spatio-temporal properties of the architecture of the visual cortex of mammals.