Competition between evaporation and fragmentation in nuclear reactions at 15-20 AMeV beam energy

The reactions 32S+58,64Ni are studied at 14.5 AMeV. From this energy on, fragmentation begins to be a dominant process, although evaporation and fission are still present. After a selection of the collision mechanism, we show that important even-odd effects are present in the isotopic fragment distributions when the excitation energy is small. The staggering effect appears to be a universal feature of fragment production, slightly enhanced when the emission source is neutron poor. A closer look at the behavior of isotopic chains reveals that odd-even effects cannot be explained by pairing effects in the nuclear mass alone, but depend in a more complex way on the de-excitation chain.

Le campagne di Piacenza tra VII e IX secolo: insediamenti e comunità

Al centro della seguente ricerca c'è il Piacentino, ossia il territorio che faceva capo alla città di Placentia in età altomedievale, più precisamente tra VII e IX secolo. L'aspetto su cui è concentrata l’analisi è quello dell’insediamento, rapportando le forme insediative alle comunità rurali e alle strutture del potere. Il Piacentino costituisce un contesto particolare, sia per la vicinanza alla capitale Pavia, sia per la presenza di enti patrimoniali molto importanti, quale il monastero di Bobbio, sia per l'estensione di vallate appenniniche che ne hanno protetto l'isolamento e impedito, fino al secolo IX inoltrato, l'insediamento di una forte aristocrazia. Ciò che sembra dedursi dall’analisi della documentazione (informatizzata) di VIII, ma soprattutto di IX secolo, è che la civitas di Piacenza, sede del conte e centro della diocesi, non costituiva di fatto il punto di riferimento per gli abitanti dell’intero territorio rurale. Dal punto di vista del possesso fondiario molti insediamenti erano autonomi. Ciò vale soprattutto per i siti di alcune zone collinari e per quelli dell’Appennino, mentre il discorso è da porsi in modo più sfumato per la pianura e per la zona dei prata vel campanea Placentina, ubicati immediatamente al di fuori della civitas. Lo studio della media e grande proprietà fondiaria ha permesso di registrare la frammentarietà dei possedimenti, ossia la loro dispersione nel sistema insediativo del comitato, la loro ubicazione e l’articolato intreccio proprietario, che in alcune zone sembra avere permesso l’esistenza di comunità locali piuttosto forti. L’attento esame della documentazione e il sicuro rimando alla bibliografia di riferimento hanno portato a risultati originali e significativi.

Le paysage comme fragmentation de l'Esthetique de la nature a l'Epoque contemporaine. Les experiences poetiques de zanzotto, jaccottet at heaney

In this work, we have considered the theme of landscape in the poetry of Andrea Zanzotto, Philippe Jaccottet and Seamus Heaney within the perspective of a fragmentation of the aesthetics of nature. To that end, the most advanced theories of aesthetics applied to nature, such as environmental Aesthetics and Aesthetik der Natur (also known as ökologische Aesthetik) have been taken into account. The philosophical perspective of Paolo D’Angelo, insights from geography (in particular from the works of Franco Farinelli) and from ecology (considering the contributions of Gilles Clément to this discipline) have also been useful. We have argued that the poetic experiences of Zanzotto, Jaccottet and Heaney follow a similar path, each starting from the fusion between the poetic subject and landscape to reach a two-way relationship between them. In this interpretation, the concept of landscape has been considered, according to Michel Collot’s theory of pensée-paysage, as a phenomenon. The poetic texts have been analysed under the lenses of linguistic, stylistic and rhetorical approaches, consistent with the idea that every text must be studied within its context, as every poetic experience is constituted of three elements: the poetic subject, his language and his world, the latest being shaped by and shaping the subject’s position and the perspectives related to it: that is his discourse to the world and in this world.

The Structure of Financial Supervision: Consolidation or Fragmentation for Financial Regulators?

This research was designed to answer the question of which direction the restructuring of financial regulators should take – consolidation or fragmentation. This research began by examining the need for financial regulation and its related costs. It then continued to describe what types of regulatory structures exist in the world; surveying the regulatory structures in 15 jurisdictions, comparing them and discussing their strengths and weaknesses. This research analyzed the possible regulatory structures using three methodological tools: Game-Theory, Institutional-Design, and Network-Effects. The incentives for regulatory action were examined in Chapter Four using game theory concepts. This chapter predicted how two regulators with overlapping supervisory mandates will behave in two different states of the world (where they can stand to benefit from regulating and where they stand to lose). The insights derived from the games described in this chapter were then used to analyze the different supervisory models that exist in the world. The problem of information-flow was discussed in Chapter Five using tools from institutional design. The idea is based on the need for the right kind of information to reach the hands of the decision maker in the shortest time possible in order to predict, mitigate or stop a financial crisis from occurring. Network effects and congestion in the context of financial regulation were discussed in Chapter Six which applied the literature referring to network effects in general in an attempt to conclude whether consolidating financial regulatory standards on a global level might also yield other positive network effects. Returning to the main research question, this research concluded that in general the fragmented model should be preferable to the consolidated model in most cases as it allows for greater diversity and information-flow. However, in cases in which close cooperation between two authorities is essential, the consolidated model should be used.

Gonçalo Byrne. Geografie dell'abitare

Oggetto centrale della presente ricerca è il rapporto che, attraverso il progetto, Byrne stabilisce di volta in volta con il territorio, identificando le origini di un atteggiamento di tipo geografico in una serie di esperienze e di sperimentazioni che maturano all’interno della cultura architettonica portoghese. La riflessione teorica e la pratica sono per Byrne strettamente legati nella definizione di una metodologia progettuale. Da questo punto di vista è determinante il suo interesse per le teorie sulla razionalizzazione delle metodologie del progetto sviluppate negli anni Sessanta in Inghilterra. L’architettura come strumento di conoscenza ha origine da un processo di analisi e di interpretazione che passa attraverso una lettura complessiva del territorio. Questo processo vede l’impiego di strumenti specifici come: il disegno, l’ordine dato dalla geometria, l’impiego di spazi matrice e la rispondenza a un programma preciso. La presente ricerca si concentra sul tema della residenza e propone di individuare una linea di continuità che, ben al di là dei caratteri linguistici esplorati attraverso ciascuno dei progetti oggetto di analisi, accompagni la riflessione attraverso cui Gonçalo Byrne si confronta con la geografia. Tali progetti sono indagati nella loro configurazione spaziale, concentrandosi nell’individuazione di soluzioni ricorrenti derivanti dalla relazione tra architettura ed elementi condizionanti locali, che trovano espressione in una serie di temi (frammentazione, imposizione, mimesi, innesto) costantemente presenti e indagati dall’autore attraverso il confronto con la ricerca progettuale, condotta negli stessi anni sia in ambito portoghese che europeo. Paradigmatici, a questo proposito, sono i progetti per Chelas (1972) e per Casal das Figueiras (1975), assunti come elementi di confronto e di verifica degli strumenti che l’architetto utilizza per l’interpretazione del luogo. La lettura e l’analisi del progetto mirano ad approfondire le relazioni fra architettura e geografia come elementi di originalità nell’opera di Byrne, individuandone le influenze socio-culturali e i riferimenti progettuali.

Rising China and Internet governance: Multistakeholderism, fragmentation and the Liberal Order in the age of digital sovereignty

In its open and private-based dimension, the Internet is the epitome of the Liberal International Order in its global spatial dimension. Therefore, normative questions arise from the emergence of powerful non-liberal actors such as China in Internet governance. In particular, China has supported a UN-based multilateral Internet governance model based on state sovereignty aimed at replacing the existing ICANN-based multistakeholder model. While persistent, this debate has become less dualistic through time. However, fear of Internet fragmentation has increased as the US-China technological competition grew harsher. This thesis inquires “(To what extent) are Chinese stakeholders reshaping the rules of Global Internet Governance?”. This is further unpacked in three smaller questions: (i) (To what extent) are Chinese stakeholders contributing to increased state influence in multistakeholder fora?; (ii) (how) is China contributing to Internet fragmentation?; and (iii) what are the main drivers of Chinese stakeholders’ stances? To answer these questions, Chinese stakeholders’ actions are observed in the making and management of critical Internet resources at the IETF and ICANN respectively, and in mobile connectivity standard-making at 3GPP. Through the lens of norm entrepreneurship in regime complexes, this thesis interprets changes and persistence in the Internet governance normative order and Chinese attitudes towards it. Three research methods are employed: network analysis, semi-structured expert interviews, and thematic document analysis. While China has enhanced state intervention in several technological fields, fostering debates on digital sovereignty, this research finds that the Chinese government does not exert full control on its domestic private actors and concludes that Chinese stakeholders have increasingly adapted to multistakeholder Internet governance as they grew influential within it. To enhance control over Internet-based activities, the Chinese government resorted to regulatory and technical control domestically rather than establishing a splinternet. This is due to Chinese stakeholders’ interest in retaining the network benefits of global interconnectivity.

Colic surgery in the equine patient: novel biomarkers, postoperative management, microbiotal influence and epidemiological analysis on the italian territory

The aim of this work was to investigate novel diagnostic and prognostic tools, postoperative treatments and epidemiologic factors impacting the outcome of surgical cases of colic. To make a more accurate diagnosis and establish a prognosis, several biomarkers have been investigated in colic patients. In this study we evaluated peritoneal PCT and blood ADMA and SDMA in SIRS positive and negative colic patients to be used as prognostic biomarkers. Our results highlighted the limits of these biomarkers in detection and the lack of specificity. In fact PCT was not detectable and even if ADMA and SDMA significantly increased in colic horses, they are not diagnostic nor prognostic markers for SIRS. Fluid therapy has been described to be crucial for the outcome of colic patients, nevertheless no guidelines have been established. Overhydration was the common practice in post surgical management. We compared cases with an extended fluid therapy protocol and cases with a restricted protocol. Results showed that survival rate and postoperative complications were similar between the groups, despite costs being significantly lower in the restricted group. The possible correlation between intestinal microbiota and colics has gained interest. In this study, cecal and colonic content from horses undergoing laparotomy were collected, and the microbiota analized. Results showed some differences in microbiota between discharged and non discharged patients, and between strangulating and non strangulating types of colic, that might suggest some influence of hind gut microbiota on the disease. A multicentric study involving three veterinary teaching hospitals on the italian territory was conducted investigating factors affecting postoperative survival and complications in colics. Results showed that the influence of age, PCV, TPP, blood lactate, reflux, type of disease, type of lesion, presence of anastomosis, duration of surgery and surgeons, were in line with literature. Amount of crystalloids used could affected the outcome.