Children’s socialization, involved parenting, and the construction of the family-school partnership in everyday family interactions: a study on parent-assisted homework as a morally dense educational arena

This study investigates an activity that takes place at the intersection between family and school and plays a key role in the building of the family-school partnership largely promoted by education policies: parent-assisted homework. Even though this topic is not new in pedagogical research, what is innovative about this study is the focus on naturally occurring parent-child conversations during homework. Adopting a phenomenological approach to the study of educational events and relying on conversation analysis, the present study analyzes 62 video-recorded sessions of parent-assisted homework collected in 19 Italian families with children aged 6-10 years old (i.e., attending primary school). The analysis of parent-child interactions reveals that parent-assisted homework is not only a site for formal learning but also and primarily a morally dense educational arena. Through the ‘small talks’ that accompany the completion of homework exercises, parents and children evoke and co-construct moral ideologies concerning topics as diverse as learning, school rules and standards, ‘good, involved parenting’, the family-school partnership, children’s autonomy, virtue, time management, and the organization of knowledge and authority in interaction. By taking part in everyday homework interactions, children are educated to culture-specific ethical systems and socialized into morally competent members of their communities, while parents implement the family-school partnership and comply with the model of “involved parent” proposed by pedagogical research and policies. Providing empirical evidence for the moral and educational relevance of ordinary family talk, this study contributes to pedagogical research on family life and promotes parents’ reflexivity about their mundane interactive activities.

Presa di decisione in situazioni rischiose: effetto della rabbia

The current studies assessed the role of trait anger and anger expression styles on risk decision-making in adulthood, adolescence and childhood. In the first experiment 158 adults completed the STAXI-2 and an inventory consisting of a battery of hypothetical everyday decision-making scenarios. Participants were also asked to evaluate the perception of risk for each chosen option and some contextual characteristics, that are familiarity and salience for each scenario. The study provides evidence for a relationship between individual differences in the tendency to feel and express anger and risky decisions and for mediation effects of familiarity and salience appraisals. Moreover, results indicated that trait anger was predictive of risk perception and they provide evidence for a positive relationship between risk decision-making and risk perception. In the second study, we examined the relationship between specific components of anger (i.e., cognitive, affective and behavioural) and risk decision-making in adolescents. 101 subjects completed specific tasks, measuring risk decision-making, assessed using hypothetical choice scenarios, and anger, evaluated through the STAXI-CA and the MSAI-R. Results showed that adolescents higher on hostility, anger experience and destructive expression, make more risky decisions in everyday life situations. Moreover, regression analyses indicated that destructive expression of anger and hostility were predictive of adolescents’ risky decisions. In the third experiment, 104 children completed three tasks: the STAXI-CA, the MSAI-R and a task measuring risk decision-making in everyday situations. Subjects were also asked to evaluate the degree of danger, benefit, fun and fear perceived for each risky choice. Analyses indicated that: (a) risk decision-making was predicted by both trait anger and outward expression of anger; (b) destructive expression o anger was predictive of children’s risky decisions; (c) appraisal of danger fully mediated the relation between trait anger and risk; (d) perceptions of benefit, scare and fun partially mediated the relationship between trait anger and risk; and (e) appraisal of danger partially mediated the relationship between outward expression of anger and risk decision-making. The results provide evidence for a relationship between dispositional anger and risk decision-making during childhood, suggesting a possible explanation of the mechanisms below. In particular, risk decision-making can be viewed as the output of cognitive and emotive processes, linked to dispositional anger that leads children to be amused, optimistic and fearless in potentially risky situations. These findings substantiate the importance of incorporating cognitive and emotive factors in theories that seek to explain the relationship between personality traits and risk decision making across a broad range of age.

Temporary teams learning and performance: the case of 3D printing technology in orthopaedic surgery

This dissertation contributes to the scholarly debate on temporary teams by exploring team interactions and boundaries.The fundamental challenge in temporary teams originates from temporary participation in the teams. First, as participants join the team for a short period of time, there is not enough time to build trust, share understanding, and have effective interactions. Consequently, team outputs and practices built on team interactions become vulnerable. Secondly, as team participants move on and off the teams, teams’ boundaries become blurred over time. It leads to uncertainty among team participants and leaders about who is/is not identified as a team member causing collective disagreement within the team. Focusing on the above mentioned challenges, we conducted this research in healthcare organisations since the use of temporary teams in healthcare and hospital setting is prevalent. In particular, we focused on orthopaedic teams that provide personalised treatments for patients using 3D printing technology. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using interviews, observations, questionnaires and archival data at Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy. This study provides the following research outputs. The first is a conceptual study that explores temporary teams’ literature using bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review to highlight research gaps. The second paper qualitatively studies temporary relationships within the teams by collecting data using group interviews and observations. The results highlighted the role of short-term dyadic relationships as a ground to share and transfer knowledge at the team level. Moreover, hierarchical structure of the teams facilitates knowledge sharing by supporting dyadic relationships within and beyond the team meetings. The third paper investigates impact of blurred boundaries on temporary teams’ performance. Using quantitative data collected through questionnaires and archival data, we concluded that boundary blurring in terms of fluidity, overlap and dispersion differently impacts team performance at high and low levels of task complexity.

Hybrid constraint programming and metaheuristic methods for large scale optimization problems

This work presents hybrid Constraint Programming (CP) and metaheuristic methods for the solution of Large Scale Optimization Problems; it aims at integrating concepts and mechanisms from the metaheuristic methods to a CP-based tree search environment in order to exploit the advantages of both approaches. The modeling and solution of large scale combinatorial optimization problem is a topic which has arisen the interest of many researcherers in the Operations Research field; combinatorial optimization problems are widely spread in everyday life and the need of solving difficult problems is more and more urgent. Metaheuristic techniques have been developed in the last decades to effectively handle the approximate solution of combinatorial optimization problems; we will examine metaheuristics in detail, focusing on the common aspects of different techniques. Each metaheuristic approach possesses its own peculiarities in designing and guiding the solution process; our work aims at recognizing components which can be extracted from metaheuristic methods and re-used in different contexts. In particular we focus on the possibility of porting metaheuristic elements to constraint programming based environments, as constraint programming is able to deal with feasibility issues of optimization problems in a very effective manner. Moreover, CP offers a general paradigm which allows to easily model any type of problem and solve it with a problem-independent framework, differently from local search and metaheuristic methods which are highly problem specific. In this work we describe the implementation of the Local Branching framework, originally developed for Mixed Integer Programming, in a CP-based environment. Constraint programming specific features are used to ease the search process, still mantaining an absolute generality of the approach. We also propose a search strategy called Sliced Neighborhood Search, SNS, that iteratively explores slices of large neighborhoods of an incumbent solution by performing CP-based tree search and encloses concepts from metaheuristic techniques. SNS can be used as a stand alone search strategy, but it can alternatively be embedded in existing strategies as intensification and diversification mechanism. In particular we show its integration within the CP-based local branching. We provide an extensive experimental evaluation of the proposed approaches on instances of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem and of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem with Time Windows. The proposed approaches achieve good results on practical size problem, thus demonstrating the benefit of integrating metaheuristic concepts in CP-based frameworks.

Characterization of optical transduction-based molecular systems and nanoparticles for the development of chemical sensors

With the increasing importance that nanotechnologies have in everyday life, it is not difficult to realize that also a single molecule, if properly designed, can be a device able to perform useful functions: such a chemical species is called chemosensor, that is a molecule of abiotic origin that signals the presence of matter or energy. Signal transduction is the mechanism by which an interaction of a sensor with an analyte yields a measurable form of energy. When dealing with the design of a chemosensor, we need to take into account a “communication requirement” between its three component: the receptor unit, responsible for the selective analyte binding, the spacer, which controls the geometry of the system and modulates the electronic interaction between the receptor and the signalling unit, whose physico-chemical properties change upon complexation. A luminescent chemosensor communicates a variation of the physico-chemical properties of the receptor unit with a luminescence output signal. This thesis work consists in the characterization of new molecular and nanoparticle-based system which can be used as sensitive materials for the construction of new optical transduction devices able to provide information about the concentration of analytes in solution. In particular two direction were taken. The first is to continue in the development of new chemosensors, that is the first step for the construction of reliable and efficient devices, and in particular the work will be focused on chemosensors for metal ions for biomedical and environmental applications. The second is to study more efficient and complex organized systems, such as derivatized silica nanoparticles. These system can potentially have higher sensitivity than molecular systems, and present many advantages, like the possibility to be ratiometric, higher Stokes shifts and lower signal-to-noise ratio.

La sanità mediata: il rapporto medico-paziente dentro e fuori lo schermo televisivo

L’obiettivo di questa tesi è rilevare se e quanto i medical dramas abbiano contribuito a ridefinire conoscenze, aspettative e pratiche dei telespettatori/pazienti rispetto a questioni concernenti la salute e il loro ruolo all’interno della relazione medico-paziente. Grazie ad un lavoro di campo, fatto di questionari e interviste con utenti, operatori della sanità di Centro e Nord Italia e studenti di Medicina, sono state poi registrate le modalità di interazione che i protagonisti della scena della cura dichiarano di sperimentare quotidianamente. Ciò ha permesso di rendere conto delle trasformazioni più recenti della professione medica e di come viene elaborato oggi il sapere sulla malattia da parte dei soggetti implicati, fra tecnicismi, atteggiamenti difensivi, sfiducia e affidamento. La tesi restituisce anche alcune modalità sperimentali di interazione fra pazienti e medici, messe in atto in contesti locali, che testimoniano l’esigenza di approdare a un sapere partecipato delle relazioni di cura. Infine, raccogliendo la sfida posta dalle medical humanities, immagina un utilizzo del medical drama nella formazione degli studenti di medicina per l’apprendimento di competenze narrative necessarie ad una pratica medica più umana e efficace.

Implications of Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts on Contract Law

Smart contracts are the most advanced blockchain applications. They can also be used in the contractual domain for the encoding and automatic execution of contract terms. Smart contracts already existed before the blockchain, but they take advantage of the characteristics of that technology. Namely, the decentralised and immutable characters of the blockchain determine that no single contracting party can control, modify, or interrupt the execution of smart contracts. As every new phenomenon, blockchain-based smart contracts have attracted the attention of institutions. For example, in its Resolution of 3 October 2018 on distributed ledger technologies and blockchain, the European Parliament has stressed the need to undertake an in-depth assessment of the legal implications,starting from the analysis of existing legal frameworks. Indeed, the present research thesis aims to verify how blockchain-based smart contracts fit into contract law. To this end, the analysis starts from the most discussed and relevant aspects and develops further considerations. Before that, it provides a detailed description and clarifications about the characteristics, the functioning, and the development of the technology, which is an essential starting point for a high-level quality legal analysis. It takes into considerations already existing rules concerning the use of technology in the life cycle of contracts, from vending machines to computable contracts, and verifies its applicability to blockchain-based smart contracts. The work does not limit to consider the mere technology, but some concrete scenarios of adoption of blockchain-based smart contracts in the contractual domain. Starting from the latter, it focuses on the implications of blockchain-based smart contracts on contract formation, contract performance, and applicable law and jurisdiction.

Edilizia domestica e cultura materiale nelle colonie di Ariminum e Bononia (III-I sec. a.C.)

Il tema affrontato nella presente ricerca sono le trasformazioni intercorse nella vita quotidiana tra il III e il I secolo a.C. in due colonie latine, Ariminum e Bononia, attraverso le evidenze archeologiche. Vengono indagate su scala locale le conseguenze di un fenomeno di grande portata, la colonizzazione romano-latina, mettendo a fuoco le forme dell’abitare, le tradizioni artigianali e le pratiche alimentari. La principale base documentaria sono le testimonianze archeologiche di edilizia domestica e le ceramiche, rinvenute nelle aree di abitato di Rimini e Bologna e nei territori limitrofi. Per cogliere a pieno le trasformazioni intercorse, vengono passate in rassegna le principali caratteristiche del popolamento, dell'architettura domestica e delle ceramiche precedenti la colonizzazione romano-latina. Le due colonie, le abitazioni e le ceramiche sono considerate, inoltre, nel contesto territoriale più ampio, volgendo lo sguardo anche all'area medio-adriatica e alla Cispadana. Allo stesso tempo, sono continui i riferimenti all'Italia medio-tirrenica, poiché permettono di comprendere molte delle evidenze archeologiche e dei processi storici in esame. Il primo capitolo tratta della colonizzazione romano-latina, calata nelle realtà di Rimini e Bologna. La domanda a cui si vuole rispondere è: chi erano gli abitanti delle due colonie? A questo proposito, si affronta anche la questione degli insediamenti precoloniali. Nel secondo capitolo si analizzano le abitazioni urbane. Quali furono le principali innovazioni nell'architettura domestica introdotte dalla colonizzazione? Come cambiarono le forme dell’abitare ad Ariminum e Bononia in età repubblicana? Il terzo capitolo si concentra sulla ceramica per la preparazione e il consumo del cibo nei contesti di abitato. Come cambiarono nelle due città le pratiche alimentari e le tradizioni artigianali utilizzate nella produzione di ceramiche? L'ultimo capitolo discute alcuni quadri teorici applicati ai fenomeni descritti nei capitoli precedenti (romanizzazione, acculturazione, identità, globalizzazione). L'ultimo paragrafo entra nel merito delle trasformazioni avvenute nella vita quotidiana di Ariminum e Bononia.