Fusarium species responsible for mycotoxin production in wheat crop: involvement in food safety

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a worldwide cereal disease responsible of significant yield reduction, inferior grain quality, and mycotoxin accumulation. Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum are the prevalent causal agents. FHB has been endemic in Italy since 1995, while there are no records about its presence in Syria. Forty-eight and forty-six wheat kernel samples were collected from different localities and analyzed for fungal presence and mycotoxin contamination. Fusarium strains were identified morphologically but the molecular confirmation was performed only for some species. Further differentiation of the chemotypes for trichothecene synthesis by F. graminearum and F. culmorum strains was conducted by PCR assays. Fusarium spp. were present in 62.5% of Syrian samples. 3Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol chemotypes were found in F. culmorum whilst all F. graminearum strains belonged to NIV chemotype. Italian samples were infected with Fusarium spp for 67.4%. 15Ac-DON was the prevalent chemotype in F. graminearum, while 3Ac-DON chemotype was detected in F. culmorum. The 60 Syrian Fusarium strains tested for mycotoxin production by HPLC-MS/MS have shown the prevalence of zearalenone while the emerging mycotoxins were almost absent. The analysis of the different Syrian and Italian samples of wheat kernels for their mycotoxin content showed that Syrian kernels were mainly contaminated with storage mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin whilst Italian grains with mainly Fusarium mycotoxins. The aggressiveness of several Syrian F. culmorum isolates was estimated using three different assays: floret inoculation in growth chamber, ear inoculation in the field and a validated new Petri-dish test. The study of the behaviour of different Syrian wheat cultivars, grown under different conditions, has revealed that Jory is a FHB Syrian tolerant cultivar. This is the first study in Syria on Fusarium spp. associated to FHB, Fusarium mycotoxin producers and grain quality.

L’esperienza turistica tra pratica di consumo e fattore di sviluppo locale sostenibile

La società dei consumi ha reso ogni ambito vitale suscettibile di mercificazione. Il capitalismo ha da tempo svestito la prassi produttiva dei suoi elementi più pesanti per vestire i panni della dimensione simbolica e culturale. Il consumo fattosi segno, dimensione immateriale delle nostre vite materiali, ha finito per colonizzare l'ambito dell'esperienza e, quindi, della vita stessa. Il consumo diventa, innanzitutto, esperienza di vita. Una esperienza continuamente cangiante che ci permette di vivere numerose vite, ognuna diversa. Ciò che è stabile è il paradigma consumistico che investe la nostra stessa identità, l'identità dei luoghi, l'identità del mondo. Il nomadismo è la dimensione più tipica del consumo, così come la perenne mobilità della vita è la dimensione propria dell'epoca globale. Tuttavia, le nuove forme di consumerismo politico, etico e responsabile, conseguenti al montare dei rischi globali, investendo proprio l’ambito dell’esperienza e del consumo, contribuiscono a modificare i comportamenti in senso “riflessivo” e “glocale”. L’ambito turistico, rappresentando al contempo il paradigma esperienziale e quello della mobilità globale, può diventare allora l’osservatorio privilegiato per indagare queste stesse forme riflessive di consumo, le quali forniscono un significato del tutto nuovo tanto all’esperienza quanto al consumo stesso. Il lavoro di tesi vuole allora approfondire, attraverso lo studio di caso, il modo in cui nuove forme emergenti di turismo responsabile possano rappresentare una chiave d’accesso a nuove forme di sviluppo sostenibile dei territori locali in contesti di prima modernizzazione.

Social inclusion of vulnerable groups through participatory and emancipatory approaches. Implementing active citizenship and socially innovative actions in the framework of civil & human rights model of disability

The research hypothesis of the thesis is that “an open participation in the co-creation of the services and environments, makes life easier for vulnerable groups”; assuming that the participatory and emancipatory approaches are processes of possible actions and changes aimed at facilitating people’s lives. The adoption of these approaches is put forward as the common denominator of social innovative practices that supporting inclusive processes allow a shift from a medical model to a civil and human rights approach to disability. The theoretical basis of this assumption finds support in many principles of Inclusive Education and the main focus of the hypothesis of research is on participation and emancipation as approaches aimed at facing emerging and existing problems related to inclusion. The framework of reference for the research is represented by the perspectives adopted by several international documents concerning policies and interventions to promote and support the leadership and participation of vulnerable groups. In the first part an in-depth analysis of the main academic publications on the central themes of the thesis has been carried out. After investigating the framework of reference, the analysis focuses on the main tools of participatory and emancipatory approaches, which are able to connect with the concepts of active citizenship and social innovation. In the second part two case studies concerning participatory and emancipatory approaches in the areas of concern are presented and analyzed as example of the improvement of inclusion, through the involvement and participation of persons with disability. The research has been developed using a holistic and interdisciplinary approach, aimed at providing a knowledge-base that fosters a shift from a situation of passivity and care towards a new scenario based on the person’s commitment in the elaboration of his/her own project of life.

Investing for impact. An exploration of impact investments in rural Ghana

This thesis offers an exploration of impact and social investments for agricultural development projects in Sub-Saharan Africa. It does so through the case of SustAgric-Africa (SAA), a social enterprise that aims to lift smallholder farmers out of poverty through the promotion of sustainable farming and operates with capital provided by a variety of investors who are committed to pairing financial returns with social and environmental outcomes. The thesis sets off to answer the following research questions: What is the moral dimension that emerges in finance with the establishment of environmental and social criteria? What kind of arrangements do social and impact investments give origin to? Is it possible to talk about a ‘spirit of the gift’ in such arrangements? What happens when abstract and globalizing ideas around ‘impact’ hit the ground? Drawing from the STS and Actor-Network Theory, I look at the formation engendered by social and impact investments in terms of a socio-technical arrangement, and look at the movements of “objects” between the main actors in terms of circuits. In these processes ideas about ‘value’ and ‘values’ articulate in complex ways in the interplay of gift, debt and credit in the relationships among the three main categories of involved actors: investors, SAA, and the farmers. In the case of SAA, I contend that the ways abstract and globalising ideas about ‘impact’ hit the ground produce uncertain results and contribute to the reproduction of inequalities and unequal wealth distribution and accumulation, deepening ongoing processes of financialization. However, my ethnography also reveals how actors depicted as beneficiaries of impact and social policies and resources, far from being passive recipients of policies and resources, actually question and appropriate them, potentially unsettling the whole arrangement and the moral and ethical claims underpinning it.

Gwas analysis for the identification of molecular basis responsible for yield related traits and disease resistance in durum wheat

The PhD thesis was developed in the framework of Innovar H2020 project. This project aimed at using genomics, transcriptomics and phenotyping techniques to update varietal registration procedure used in Europe for Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) and Distinctiness Uniformity and Stability (DUS) protocols. The phenotypic and genotypic diversity of a durum wheat panel were assessed for different agronomic traits, connected with wheat development, disease resistance and spike fertility. A panel of 253 durum wheat varieties was characterized for VCU and DUS traits and genotyped with Illumina 90K SNP Chip array (Wang et al., 2014). GWAS analysis was performed, detecting strong QTLs confirmed also by literature review. Candidate genes were identified for each trait and molecular markers will be developed to be used for marker assisted selection in breeding programs. As for disease resistance, the panel was evaluated for resistance to Soil-Borne-Cereal-Mosaic-Virus (SBCMV). A major QTL, sbm2, was detected on chromosome 2B responsible for durum wheat resistance (Maccaferri et al., 2011). The sbm2 interval was explored by fine mapping on segregant population using KASP markers and by RNASeq analysis, detecting candidate genes involved in plant-pathogen reaction. As regards yield related traits, detailed analysis was performed on the GNI-2A QTL (Milner et al., 2016), responsible for increased number spike fertility. Fine mapping analysis was performed on durum panel identifying hox2 a strong candidate gene, codifying for transcription factor protein. The gene is paralogue of GNI-1 (Sakuma et al., 2019), and it has a 4 kbp deletion responsible for increased number of florets per spikelet. To conclude, the herein reported thesis shows a complete characterization of agronomic and disease resistance traits in modern durum wheat varieties. The results obtained will augment available information for each variety, identifying informative molecular markers for breeding purposes and QTLs/candidate genes responsible for different agronomic traits.

Innovation in aquaculture. Modeling the adoption and implementation processes of innovations in the Italian aquaculture sector

Since the turn of the century, fisheries have maintained a steady growth rate, while aquaculture has experienced a more rapid expansion. Aquaculture can offer EU consumers more diverse, healthy, and sustainable food options, some of which are more popular elsewhere. To develop the sector, the EU is investing heavily. The EU supports innovative projects that promote the sustainable development of seafood sectors and food security. Priority 3 promotes sector development through innovation dissemination. This doctoral dissertation examined innovation transfer in the Italian aquaculture sector, specifically the adoption of innovative tools, using a theoretical model to better understand the complexity of these processes. The work focused on innovation adoption, emphasising that it is the end of a well-defined process. The Awareness Knowledge Adoption Implementation Effectiveness (AKAIE) model was created to better analyse post-adoption phases and evaluate technology adoption implementation and impact. To identify AKAIE drivers and barriers, aquaculture actors were consulted. "Perceived complexity"—barriers to adoption that are strongly influenced by contextual factors—has been used to examine their perspectives (i.e. socio-economic, institutional, cultural ones). The new model will contextualise the sequence based on technologies, entrepreneur traits, corporate and institutional contexts, and complexity perception, the sequence's central node. Technology adoption can also be studied by examining complexity perceptions along the AKAIE sequence. This study proposes a new model to evaluate the diffusion of a given technology, offering the policy maker the possibility to be able to act promptly across the process. The development of responsible policies for evaluating the effectiveness of innovation is more necessary than ever, especially to orient strategies and interventions in the face of major scenarios of change.