Physical and mineralogical changes of Hungarian monumental stones exposed to different conditions: stone-testing in-situ and under laboratory conditions

The Székesfehérvár Ruin Garden is a unique assemblage of monuments belonging to the cultural heritage of Hungary due to its important role in the Middle Ages as the coronation and burial church of the Kings of the Hungarian Christian Kingdom. It has been nominated for “National Monument” and as a consequence, its protection in the present and future is required. Moreover, it was reconstructed and expanded several times throughout Hungarian history. By a quick overview of the current state of the monument, the presence of several lithotypes can be found among the remained building and decorative stones. Therefore, the research related to the materials is crucial not only for the conservation of that specific monument but also for other historic structures in Central Europe. The current research is divided in three main parts: i) description of lithologies and their provenance, ii) physical properties testing of historic material and iii) durability tests of analogous stones obtained from active quarries. The survey of the National Monument of Székesfehérvár, focuses on the historical importance and the architecture of the monument, the different construction periods, the identification of the different building stones and their distribution in the remaining parts of the monument and it also included provenance analyses. The second one was the in situ and laboratory testing of physical properties of historic material. As a final phase samples were taken from local quarries with similar physical and mineralogical characteristics to the ones used in the monument. The three studied lithologies are: fine oolitic limestone, a coarse oolitic limestone and a red compact limestone. These stones were used for rock mechanical and durability tests under laboratory conditions. The following techniques were used: a) in-situ: Schmidt Hammer Values, moisture content measurements, DRMS, mapping (construction ages, lithotypes, weathering forms) b) laboratory: petrographic analysis, XRD, determination of real density by means of helium pycnometer and bulk density by means of mercury pycnometer, pore size distribution by mercury intrusion porosimetry and by nitrogen adsorption, water absorption, determination of open porosity, DRMS, frost resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, uniaxial compressive strength test and dynamic modulus of elasticity. The results show that initial uniaxial compressive strength is not necessarily a clear indicator of the stone durability. Bedding and other lithological heterogeneities can influence the strength and durability of individual specimens. In addition, long-term behaviour is influenced by exposure conditions, fabric and, especially, the pore size distribution of each sample. Therefore, a statistic evaluation of the results is highly recommended and they should be evaluated in combination with other investigations on internal structure and micro-scale heterogeneities of the material, such as petrographic observation, ultrasound pulse velocity and porosimetry. Laboratory tests used to estimate the durability of natural stone may give a good guidance to its short-term performance but they should not be taken as an ultimate indication of the long-term behaviour of the stone. The interdisciplinary study of the results confirms that stones in the monument show deterioration in terms of mineralogy, fabric and physical properties in comparison with quarried stones. Moreover stone-testing proves compatibility between quarried and historical stones. Good correlation is observed between the non-destructive-techniques and laboratory tests results which allow us to minimize sampling and assessing the condition of the materials. Concluding, this research can contribute to the diagnostic knowledge for further studies that are needed in order to evaluate the effect of recent and future protective measures.

Problemi di consolidamento di matrici lapidee di differente microstruttura esposte a sollecitazioni ambientali e microclimatiche di varia origine

Questa ricerca presenta i risultati di una indagine volta a verificare la reale efficacia di rinforzo corticale su rocce carbonatiche di differenti caratteristiche mineralogiche, utilizzando consolidanti inorganici in soluzione acquosa quali l’Ossalato Ammonico (AmOX) e il Diammonio Fosfato Acido (DAHP). Le matrici carbonatiche scelte sono quelle del marmo invecchiato e una biomicrite. Sui campioni sono state effettuate indagini (SEM,MIP,XRD,MO,TG-DTA) di caratterizzazione prima e dopo i trattamenti volte a valutare eventuali effetti di rinforzo e misure fisiche di suscettività all’acqua. L’efficacia dei consolidanti inorganici è stata comparata con diversi consolidanti organici e ibridi presenti in commercio ed utilizzati in ambito conservativo. L'efficacia si è mostrata fortemente legata al fabric del materiale e alle modalità di strutturazione del prodotto di neomineralizzazione all’interno della compagine deteriorata. Nel caso del trattamento con AmOx il soluzione acquosa al 4%, la whewellite è l’unica fase di neoformazione riscontrata; la sua crescita avviene con un meccanismo essenzialmente topochimico. Nei materiali carbonatici compatti si possono ottenere solo modesti spessori di coating di neoformazione; per le rocce porose, contenenti difetti come lesioni, pori o micro-fratture, l’efficacia del trattamento può risultare più incisiva. Questo trattamento presenta lo svantaggio legato alla rapidissima formazione dei cristalli di whewellite che tendono a passivare le superfici impedendo la progressione della reazione; il vantaggio è connesso alla facile applicazione in cantiere. Nel caso del DAHP sulla matrice carbonatica trattata, si formano cluster cristallini contenenti specie più o meno stabili alcune riconducibili all’idrossiapatite. La quantità e qualità delle fasi, varia fortemente in funzione della temperatura, pH, pressione con conseguenze interferenza nelle modalità di accrescimento dei cristalli. Il trattamento alla stato attuale appare comunque di notevole interesse ma allo stesso tempo difficilmente applicabile e controllabile nelle reali condizioni operative di un cantiere di restauro.

Lateral spreading and associated slope processes in fractured rock slabs

Landslides of the lateral spreading type, involving brittle geological units overlying ductile terrains, are a common occurrence in the sandstone and limestone plateaux of the northern Apennines of Italy. These instability phenomena can become particularly risky, when historical towns and cultural heritage sites built on the top of them are endangered. Neverthless, the mechanisms controlling the developing of related instabilities, i.e. toppling and rock falls, at the edges of rock plateaux are not fully understood yet. In addition, the groundwater flow path developing at the contact between the more permeable units, i.e. the jointed rock slab, and the relatively impermeable clay-rich units have not been already studied in details, even if they may play a role in this kind of instability processes, acting as eventual predisposing and/or triggering factors. Field survey, Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Close Range Photogrammetry techniques, laboratory tests on the involved materials, hydrogeological monitoring and modelling, displacements evaluation and stability analysis through continuum and discontinuum numerical codes have been performed on the San Leo case study, with the aim to bring further insights for the understanding and the assessment of the slope processes taking place in this geological context. The current research permitted to relate the aquifer behaviour of the rocky slab to slope instability processes. The aquifer hosted in the fractured slab leads to the development of perennial and ephemeral springs at the contact between the two units. The related piping erosion phenomena, together with slope processes in the clay-shales led to the progressive undermining of the slab. The cliff becomes progressively unstable due to undermining and undergoes large-scale landslides due to fall or topple.