Wireless systems for the fourth generation

Today, third generation networks are consolidated realities, and user expectations on new applications and services are becoming higher and higher. Therefore, new systems and technologies are necessary to move towards the market needs and the user requirements. This has driven the development of fourth generation networks. ”Wireless network for the fourth generation” is the expression used to describe the next step in wireless communications. There is no formal definition for what these fourth generation networks are; however, we can say that the next generation networks will be based on the coexistence of heterogeneous networks, on the integration with the existing radio access network (e.g. GPRS, UMTS, WIFI, ...) and, in particular, on new emerging architectures that are obtaining more and more relevance, as Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (WASN). Thanks to their characteristics, fourth generation wireless systems will be able to offer custom-made solutions and applications personalized according to the user requirements; they will offer all types of services at an affordable cost, and solutions characterized by flexibility, scalability and reconfigurability. This PhD’s work has been focused on WASNs, autoconfiguring networks which are not based on a fixed infrastructure, but are characterized by being infrastructure less, where devices have to automatically generate the network in the initial phase, and maintain it through reconfiguration procedures (if nodes’ mobility, or energy drain, etc..., cause disconnections). The main part of the PhD activity has been focused on an analytical study on connectivity models for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, nevertheless a small part of my work was experimental. Anyway, both the theoretical and experimental activities have had a common aim, related to the performance evaluation of WASNs. Concerning the theoretical analysis, the objective of the connectivity studies has been the evaluation of models for the interference estimation. This is due to the fact that interference is the most important performance degradation cause in WASNs. As a consequence, is very important to find an accurate model that allows its investigation, and I’ve tried to obtain a model the most realistic and general as possible, in particular for the evaluation of the interference coming from bounded interfering areas (i.e. a WiFi hot spot, a wireless covered research laboratory, ...). On the other hand, the experimental activity has led to Throughput and Packet Error Rare measurements on a real IEEE802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Network.

Censimento, catalogazione e ricomposizione dei frammenti di manoscritti ebraici medievali riusati come legature di registri e libri in biblioteche ed archivi italiani

Il lavoro di tesi si è incentrato sull’analisi dei frammenti di manoscritti ebraici medievali rinvenuti in alcuni archivi e biblioteche dell’area emiliano-romagnola ossia, come è noto, la regione italiana che vanta il maggior numero di frammenti rinvenuti; ben 6.000 frammenti sui circa 10.000 censiti sino ad oggi in tutta l’Italia, vale a dire un numero pari al 60% del totale. Nello specifico è stato esaminato il materiale pergamenaceo ebraico conservato in Archivi e Biblioteche delle città di Cesena, Faenza ed Imola, per un totale di 230 frammenti ebraici. Ho, quindi, proceduto all’identificazione di tutti i frammenti che, se dal punto di vista testuale ci documentano parti delle principali opere ebraiche diffuse nel Medioevo, sotto l’aspetto paleografico ci attestano le tre principali tradizioni scrittorie ebraiche utilizzate in Occidente, ossia: quella italiana, la sefardita e quella ashkenazita, oltre che ad alcuni rari esempi di grafia sefardita di tipo provenzale, una tipologia rara, se si considera che fra i quasi 10.000 frammenti finora scoperti in Italia, il numero di quelli vergati in questa grafia è davvero piccolo. Successivamente ho preso in esame le caratteristiche codicologiche e paleografiche dei frammenti, in particolar modo quelle relative a rigatura, foratura, mise en page e alle varianti grafiche individuali dello scriba, fra cui abbreviazioni, segni grafici di riempimento e resa del tetragramma sacro del nome di Dio, elementi che mi hanno consentito di identificare i frammenti smembrati da uno stesso manoscritto. Ciò ha permesso di individuare ben 80 manoscritti dai quali furono smembrati i 230 frammenti ebraici rinvenuti. Infine, sulla base dei dati raccolti, è stato realizzato un catalogo di tutti i frammenti, all’interno del quale i frammenti sono stati ricomposti per manoscritto. A loro volta, i vari manoscritti, suddivisi per soggetto, sono stati ordinati per secolo, dal più antico al più recente, in base alla grafia in cui sono vergati, ossia: Italiana, Sefardita (Provenzale) o Ashkenazita e per stile: quadrata, semicorsiva e corsiva. A motivo, poi, di nuovi ritrovamenti in diverse località italiane, mi sono dedicata ad un aggiornamento della mia ricerca compiuta per la tesi di Laurea, pubblicata nel 2004, sui frammenti talmudici e midrashici scoperti negli archivi e nelle biblioteche italiani; un genere di letteratura i cui rinvenimenti, per vari motivi, sono estremamente rari. In quell’occasione furono catalogati 475 frammenti talmudici, appartenenti a 151 manoscritti diversi, databili su base paleografica tra i secc. X e XV, e 54 frammenti midrashici appartenenti ad 8 manoscritti databili tra i secc. XII e XV. Ad oggi, dopo 4 anni, sono stati scoperti 21 nuovi frammenti talmudici ed un nuovo frammento midrashico. Nello specifico di questi 21 frammenti: 17 contengono parti tratte dal Talmud babilonese e 4 dal Sefer ha-Halakot di Alfasi (un noto compendio talmudico); mentre il frammento midrashico, rinvenuto presso la Sezione di Archivio di Stato di Foligno, contiene una parte del Midrash haggadah a Deuteronomio, costituendo pertanto già di per se stesso un rinvenimento molto importante. Questo frammento, ad una prima analisi, sembrerebbe completare alcune lacune del Midrash Haggadah ai cinque libri della Torah pubblicato a Vienna nel 1894 da S. Buber sulla base del solo manoscritto esistente che, tuttavia, presentava delle lacune, come riferisce lo stesso autore nella prefazione all’opera.

Impact of Geomatic Techniques on Topo-Bathymetric Surveys for Coastal Analysis

Sandy coasts represent vital areas whose preservation and maintenance also involve economic and tourist interests. Besides, these dynamic environments undergo the erosion process at different levels depending on their specific characteristics. For this reason, defence interventions are commonly realized by combining engineering solutions and management policies to evaluate their effects over time. Monitoring activities represent the fundamental instrument to obtain a deep knowledge of the investigated phenomenon. Thanks to technological development, several possibilities both in terms of geomatic surveying techniques and processing tools are available, allowing to reach high performances and accuracy. Nevertheless, when the littoral definition includes both emerged and submerged beaches, several issues have to be considered. Therefore, the geomatic surveys and all the following steps need to be calibrated according to the individual application, with the reference system, accuracy and spatial resolution as primary aspects. This study provides the evaluation of the available geomatic techniques, processing approaches, and derived products, aiming at optimising the entire workflow of coastal monitoring by adopting an accuracy-efficiency trade-off. The presented analyses highlight the balance point when the increase in performance becomes an additional value for the obtained products ensuring proper data management. This perspective can represent a helpful instrument to properly plan the monitoring activities according to the specific purposes of the analysis. Finally, the primary uses of the acquired and processed data in monitoring contexts are presented, also considering possible applications for numerical modelling as supporting tools. Moreover, the theme of coastal monitoring has been addressed throughout this thesis by considering a practical point of view, linking to the activities performed by Arpae (Regional agency for prevention, environment and energy of Emilia-Romagna). Indeed, the Adriatic coast of Emilia-Romagna, where sandy beaches particularly exposed to erosion are present, has been chosen as a case study for all the analyses and considerations.

Modelling, simulations and monitoring for sustainable plant and animal production systems through precision technique

Protected crop production is a modern and innovative approach to cultivating plants in a controlled environment to optimize growth, yield, and quality. This method involves using structures such as greenhouses or tunnels to create a sheltered environment. These productive solutions are characterized by a careful regulation of variables like temperature, humidity, light, and ventilation, which collectively contribute to creating an optimal microclimate for plant growth. Heating, cooling, and ventilation systems are used to maintain optimal conditions for plant growth, regardless of external weather fluctuations. Protected crop production plays a crucial role in addressing challenges posed by climate variability, population growth, and food security. Similarly, animal husbandry involves providing adequate nutrition, housing, medical care and environmental conditions to ensure animal welfare. Then, sustainability is a critical consideration in all forms of agriculture, including protected crop and animal production. Sustainability in animal production refers to the practice of producing animal products in a way that minimizes negative impacts on the environment, promotes animal welfare, and ensures the long-term viability of the industry. Then, the research activities performed during the PhD can be inserted exactly in the field of Precision Agriculture and Livestock farming. Here the focus is on the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approach and environmental assessment applied to improve yield, resource efficiency, environmental sustainability, and cost savings. It represents a significant shift from traditional farming methods to a more technology-driven, data-driven, and environmentally conscious approach to crop and animal production. On one side, CFD is powerful and precise techniques of computer modeling and simulation of airflows and thermo-hygrometric parameters, that has been applied to optimize the growth environment of crops and the efficiency of ventilation in pig barns. On the other side, the sustainability aspect has been investigated and researched in terms of Life Cycle Assessment analyses.