Effect of training systems and pruning methods on fruit quality in apple

The introduction of dwarfed rootstocks in apple crop has led to a new concept of intensive planting systems with the aim of producing early high yield and with returns of the initial high investment. Although yield is an important aspect to the grower, the consumer has become demanding regards fruit quality and is generally attracted by appearance. To fulfil the consumer’s expectations the grower may need to choose a proper training system along with an ideal pruning technique, which ensure a good light distribution in different parts of the canopy and a marketable fruit quality in terms of size and skin colour. Although these aspects are important, these fruits might not reach the proper ripening stage within the canopy because they are often heterogeneous. To describe the variability present in a tree, a software (PlantToon®), was used to recreate the tree architecture in 3D in the two training systems. The ripening stage of each of the fruits was determined using a non-destructive device (DA-Meter), thus allowing to estimate the fruit ripening variability. This study deals with some of the main parameters that can influence fruit quality and ripening stage within the canopy and orchard management techniques that can ameliorate a ripening fruit homogeneity. Significant differences in fruit quality were found within the canopies due to their position, flowering time and bud wood age. Bi-axis appeared to be suitable for high density planting, even though the fruit quality traits resulted often similar to those obtained with a Slender Spindle, suggesting similar fruit light availability within the canopies. Crop load confirmed to be an important factor that influenced fruit quality as much as the interesting innovative pruning method “Click”, in intensive planting systems.

Influence of plant structure, cultural pratices and environmental conditions on the development of the bacterial canker of kiwifruits

Italy has a preeminent rank in kiwifruit industry, being the first exporter and the second largest producer after China. However, in the last years kiwifruit yields and the total cultivated area considerably decreased, due to the pandemic spread of the bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). Several climatic conditions and cultural practices affect the development of the bacterial canker. This research work focused on the impact of agricultural practices and microclimate conditions on the incidence and epidemiology of Psa in the orchard. Therefore, the effect of fertilization, irrigation, use of bio-regulators, rootstock, training system and pruning were examined. The effect of different tunnel systems was analyzed as well, to study the plant-pathogen interaction. Considering the importance of insects as vectors in other pathosystems, the role of Metcalfa pruinosa in the spread of the bacterial canker was investigated in controlled conditions. In addition, quality and storage properties of fruits from infected plants were assessed. The study of all these aspects of the agronomic practices is useful to define a strategy to limit the bacterial diffusion in the orchard. Overall, excess nitrogen fertilization, water stress, stagnant water supplies, pruning before summer and the high number of Metcalfa pruinosa increased the Psa incidence. In contrast, tunnel covers may be useful for the control of the disease, with special attention to the kind of material.

Meccanizzazione dei vigneti allevati a doppia cortina e a cordone libero

La ricerca svolta ha voluto approfondire le possibilità offerte dai sistemi di allevamento dei vigneti a Doppia Cortina (GDC) e a Cordone Libero nei riguardi della meccanizzazione. La ricerca ha considerato gli interventi di potatura invernale, di gestione della chioma (spollonatura, cimatura, defogliazione e pettinatura della doppia cortina) e di vendemmia. Un’operazione particolarmente seguita è stata la potatura invernale realizzando differenti livelli di meccanizzazione. Tutti gli interventi sono stati eseguiti sia manualmente che meccanicamente, confrontando i tempi d’impiego, la qualità del lavoro svolto e gli impegni di manodopera. I risultati sono stati sintetizzati in una valutazione economica, ipotizzando differenti livelli di costo della manodopera impiegata, per ottenere giudizi di convenienza per i singoli interventi e per costruire una valutazione completa e più organica della linea di lavoro proposta. Nelle due forme d’allevamento la meccanizzazione della potatura invernale e della gestione della chioma hanno rispettato pienamente gli obbiettivi tecnici prefissati, dimostrando di essere un valido mezzo per ridurre tempi e costi di gestione. Per questi interventi l’acquisto delle macchine risulta conveniente anche per vigneti di piccola dimensione. Ancor più evidenti in queste due forme d’allevamento sono i vantaggi economici offerti dalla vendemmia meccanica, realizzata con pochi maltrattamenti e perdite di prodotto. La tendenza a meccanizzare integralmente gli interventi di gestione del ciclo colturale della vite, può essere nei prossimi anni un motivo di interesse e di scelta nella realizzazione di nuovi impianti con queste due forme di allevamento, che hanno dimostrato di essere un’espressione completa di sinergia tra macchina e pianta.