Il cinema in missione. La pratica cinematografica dei missionari italiani lungo il XX secolo tra apostolato e antropologia

The thesis reconstructs the cinema’s experience of Italian missionaries during the XX century in a historical-pragmatic key. Italian missionaries, who started producing movies around the Twenties, have used cinema as a helpful instrument for religious propaganda. They have considered the rules of the Catholic Church, the political and social context and the audience’s expectations. Each chapter (1-4) analyses the phenomenon inside the context constituted by the Italian colonial experiences, the relationship between Catholic Church and images during the Evangelization, the history of cinema and the history of missions. A specific chapter (chapter 5) is dedicated to the archives of missionary’s cinema and to the value to be assigned to this film production (in terms of social memory and archive’s memory). At the end of the first part, the thesis presents a proposal about the relationship between missionary’s cinema and visual anthropology. The second part of the thesis includes the film cards of the missionary’s movies preserved in Italy: 339 cards of Italian movies and 149 cards of foreign movies placed in different archives and bureaus.

An assessment of the business value of traceability practices in the italian fishery processing industry

Traceability is often perceived by food industry executives as an additional cost of doing business, one to be avoided if possible. However, a traceability system can in fact comply the regulatory requirements, increase food safety and recall performance, improving marketing performances and, as well as, improving supply chain management. Thus, traceability affects business performances of firms in terms of costs and benefits determined by traceability practices. Costs and benefits affect factors such as, firms’ characteristics, level of traceability and ,lastly, costs and benefits perceived prior to traceability implementation. This thesis was undertaken to understand how these factors are linked to affect the outcome of costs and benefits. Analysis of the results of a plant level survey of the Italian ichthyic processing industry revealed that processors generally adopt various level of traceability while government support appears to increase the level of traceability and the expectations and actual costs and benefits. None of the firms’ characteristics, with the exception of government support, influences costs and level of traceability. Only size of firms and level of QMS certifications are linked with benefits while precision of traceability increases benefits without affecting costs. Finally, traceability practices appear due to the request from “external“ stakeholders such as government, authority and customers rather than “internal” factors (e.g. improving the firm management) while the traceability system does not provide any added value from the market in terms of price premium or market share increase.

Genomic characterization of the italian wolf (Canis lupus): the genes involved in black coat colour determination and application of microarray technique for snps detection.

This study provides a comprehensive genetic overview on the endangered Italian wolf population. In particular, it focuses on two research lines. On one hand, we focalised on melanism in wolf in order to isolate a mutation related with black coat colour in canids. With several reported black individuals (an exception at European level), the Italian wolf population constituted a challenging research field posing many unanswered questions. As found in North American wolf, we reported that melanism in the Italian population is caused by a different melanocortin pathway component, the K locus, in which a beta-defensin protein acts as an alternative ligand for the Mc1r. This research project was conducted in collaboration with Prof. Gregory Barsh, Department of Genetics and Paediatrics, Stanford University. On the other hand, we performed analysis on a high number of SNPs thanks to a customized Canine microarray useful to integrate or substitute the STR markers for genotyping individuals and detecting wolf-dog hybrids. Thanks to DNA microchip technology, we obtained an impressive amount of genetic data which provides a solid base for future functional genomic studies. This study was undertaken in collaboration with Prof. Robert K. Wayne, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

The Integrated European Project "GEHA - GEnetics of Healthy Aging": recruitment, health status assessment and survival of the Italian 90+ sibpairs

The present study is part of the EU Integrated Project “GEHA – Genetics of Healthy Aging” (Franceschi C et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1100: 21-45, 2007), whose aim is to identify genes involved in healthy aging and longevity, which allow individuals to survive to advanced age in good cognitive and physical function and in the absence of major age-related diseases. Aims The major aims of this thesis were the following: 1. to outline the recruitment procedure of 90+ Italian siblings performed by the recruiting units of the University of Bologna (UNIBO) and Rome (ISS). The procedures related to the following items necessary to perform the study were described and commented: identification of the eligible area for recruitment, demographic aspects related to the need of getting census lists of 90+siblings, mail and phone contact with 90+ subjects and their families, bioethics aspects of the whole procedure, standardization of the recruitment methodology and set-up of a detailed flow chart to be followed by the European recruitment centres (obtainment of the informed consent form, anonimization of data by using a special code, how to perform the interview, how to collect the blood, how to enter data in the GEHA Phenotypic Data Base hosted at Odense). 2. to provide an overview of the phenotypic characteristics of 90+ Italian siblings recruited by the recruiting units of the University of Bologna (UNIBO) and Rome (ISS). The following items were addressed: socio-demographic characteristics, health status, cognitive assessment, physical conditions (handgrip strength test, chair-stand test, physical ability including ADL, vision and hearing ability, movement ability and doing light housework), life-style information (smoking and drinking habits) and subjective well-being (attitude towards life). Moreover, haematological parameters collected in the 90+ sibpairs as optional parameters by the Bologna and Rome recruiting units were used for a more comprehensive evaluation of the results obtained using the above mentioned phenotypic characteristics reported in the GEHA questionnaire. 3. to assess 90+ Italian siblings as far as their health/functional status is concerned on the basis of three classification methods proposed in previous studies on centenarians, which are based on: • actual functional capabilities (ADL, SMMSE, visual and hearing abilities) (Gondo et al., J Gerontol. 61A (3): 305-310, 2006); • actual functional capabilities and morbidity (ADL, ability to walk, SMMSE, presence of cancer, ictus, renal failure, anaemia, and liver diseases) (Franceschi et al., Aging Clin Exp Res, 12:77-84, 2000); • retrospectively collected data about past history of morbidity and age of disease onset (hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, cancer, osteopororis, neurological diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ocular diseases) (Evert et al., J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 58A (3): 232-237, 2003). Firstly these available models to define the health status of long-living subjects were applied to the sample and, since the classifications by Gondo and Franceschi are both based on the present functional status, they were compared in order to better recognize the healthy aging phenotype and to identify the best group of 90+ subjects out of the entire studied population. 4. to investigate the concordance of health and functional status among 90+ siblings in order to divide sibpairs in three categories: the best (both sibs are in good shape), the worst (both sibs are in bad shape) and an intermediate group (one sib is in good shape and the other is in bad shape). Moreover, the evaluation wanted to discover which variables are concordant among siblings; thus, concordant variables could be considered as familiar variables (determined by the environment or by genetics). 5. to perform a survival analysis by using mortality data at 1st January 2009 from the follow-up as the main outcome and selected functional and clinical parameters as explanatory variables. Methods A total of 765 90+ Italian subjects recruited by UNIBO (549 90+ siblings, belonging to 258 families) and ISS (216 90+ siblings, belonging to 106 families) recruiting units are included in the analysis. Each subject was interviewed according to a standardized questionnaire, comprising extensively utilized questions that have been validated in previous European studies on elderly subjects and covering demographic information, life style, living conditions, cognitive status (SMMSE), mood, health status and anthropometric measurements. Moreover, subjects were asked to perform some physical tests (Hand Grip Strength test and Chair Standing test) and a sample of about 24 mL of blood was collected and then processed according to a common protocol for the preparation and storage of DNA aliquots. Results From the analysis the main findings are the following: - a standardized protocol to assess cognitive status, physical performances and health status of European nonagenarian subjects was set up, in respect to ethical requirements, and it is available as a reference for other studies in this field; - GEHA families are enriched in long-living members and extreme survival, and represent an appropriate model for the identification of genes involved in healthy aging and longevity; - two simplified sets of criteria to classify 90+ sibling according to their health status were proposed, as operational tools for distinguishing healthy from non healthy subjects; - cognitive and functional parameters have a major role in categorizing 90+ siblings for the health status; - parameters such as education and good physical abilities (500 metres walking ability, going up and down the stairs ability, high scores at hand grip and chair stand tests) are associated with a good health status (defined as “cognitive unimpairment and absence of disability”); - male nonagenarians show a more homogeneous phenotype than females, and, though far fewer in number, tend to be healthier than females; - in males the good health status is not protective for survival, confirming the male-female health survival paradox; - survival after age 90 was dependent mainly on intact cognitive status and absence of functional disabilities; - haemoglobin and creatinine levels are both associated with longevity; - the most concordant items among 90+ siblings are related to the functional status, indicating that they contain a familiar component. It is still to be investigated at what level this familiar component is determined by genetics or by environment or by the interaction between genetics, environment and chance (and at what level). Conclusions In conclusion, we could state that this study, in accordance with the main objectives of the whole GEHA project, represents one of the first attempt to identify the biological and non biological determinants of successful/unsuccessful aging and longevity. Here, the analysis was performed on 90+ siblings recruited in Northern and Central Italy and it could be used as a reference for others studies in this field on Italian population. Moreover, it contributed to the definition of “successful” and “unsuccessful” aging and categorising a very large cohort of our most elderly subjects into “successful” and “unsuccessful” groups provided an unrivalled opportunity to detect some of the basic genetic/molecular mechanisms which underpin good health as opposed to chronic disability. Discoveries in the topic of the biological determinants of healthy aging represent a real possibility to identify new markers to be utilized for the identification of subgroups of old European citizens having a higher risk to develop age-related diseases and disabilities and to direct major preventive medicine strategies for the new epidemic of chronic disease in the 21st century.

A candidate gene approach to identify DNA markers associated with meat quality and production traits: investigation of several cathepsin genes in Italian heavy pigs.

The cathepsin enzymes represent an important family of lysosomal proteinases with a broad spectrum of functions in many, if not in all, tissues and cell types. In addition to their primary role during the normal protein turnover, they possess highly specific proteolytic activities, including antigen processing in the immune response and a direct role in the development of obesity and tumours. In pigs, the involvement of cathepsin enzymes in proteolytic processes have important effects during the conversion of muscle to meat, due to their influence on meat texture and sensory characteristics, mainly in seasoned products. Their contribution is fundamental in flavour development of dry-curing hams. However, several authors have demonstrated that high cathepsin activity, in particular of cathepsin B, is correlated to defects of these products, such as an excessive meat softness together with abnormal free tyrosine content, astringent or metallic aftertastes and formation of a white film on the cut surface. Thus, investigation of their genetic variability could be useful to identify DNA markers associated with these dry cured hams parameters, but also with meat quality, production and carcass traits in Italian heavy pigs. Unfortunately, no association has been found between cathepsin markers and meat quality traits so far, in particular with cathepsin B activity, suggesting that other genes, besides these, affect meat quality parameters. Nevertheless, significant associations were observed with several carcass and production traits in pigs. A recent study has demonstrated that different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) localized in cathepsin D (CTSD), F (CTSF), H and Z genes were highly associated with growth, fat deposition and production traits in an Italian Large White pig population. The aim of this thesis was to confirm some of these results in other pig populations and identify new cathepsin markers in order to evaluate their effects on cathepsin activity and other production traits. Furthermore, starting from the data obtained in previous studies on CTSD gene, we also analyzed the known polymorphism located in the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (IGF2 intron3-g.3072G>A). This marker is considered the causative mutation for the quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting muscle mass and fat deposition in pigs. Since IGF2 maps very close to CTSD on porcine chromosome (SSC) 2, we wanted to clarify if the effects of the CTSD marker were due to linkage disequilibrium with the IGF2 intron3-g.3072G>A mutation or not. In the first chapter, we reported the results from these two SSC2 gene markers. First of all, we evaluated the effects of the IGF2 intron3-g.3072G>A polymorphism in the Italian Large White breed, for which no previous studies have analysed this marker. Highly significant associations were identified with all estimated breeding values for production and carcass traits (P<0.00001), while no effects were observed for meat quality traits. Instead, the IGF2 intron3-g.3072G>A mutation did not show any associations with the analyzed traits in the Italian Duroc pigs, probably due to the low level of variability at this polymorphic site for this breed. In the same Duroc pig population, significant associations were obtained for the CTSD marker for all production and carcass traits (P < 0.001), after excluding possible confounding effects of the IGF2 mutation. The effects of the CTSD g.70G>A polymorphism were also confirmed in a group of Italian Large White pigs homozygous for the IGF2 intron3-g.3072G allele G (IGF2 intron3-g.3072GG) and by haplotype analysis between the markers of the two considered genes. Taken together, all these data indicated that the IGF2 intron3-g.3072G>A mutation is not the only polymorphism affecting fatness and muscle deposition in pigs. In the second chapter, we reported the analysis of two new SNPs identified in cathepsin L (CTSL) and cathepsin S (CTSS) genes and the association results with meat quality parameters (including cathepsin B activity) and several production traits in an Italian Large White pig population. Allele frequencies of these two markers were evaluated in 7 different pig breeds. Furthermore, we mapped using a radiation hybrid panel the CTSS gene on SSC4. Association studies with several production traits, carried out in 268 Italian Large White pigs, indicated positive effects of the CTSL polymorphism on average daily gain, weight of lean cuts and backfat thickness (P<0.05). The results for these latter traits were also confirmed using a selective genotype approach in other Italian Large White pigs (P<0.01). In the 268 pig group, the CTSS polymorphism was associated with feed:gain ratio and average daily gain (P<0.05). Instead, no association was observed between the analysed markers and meat quality parameters. Finally, we wanted to verify if the positive results obtained for the cathepsin L and S markers and for other previous identified SNPs (cathepsin F, cathepsin Z and their inhibitor cystatin B) were confirmed in the Italian Duroc pig breed (third chapter). We analysed them in two groups of Duroc pigs: the first group was made of 218 performance-tested pigs not selected by any phenotypic criteria, the second group was made of 100 Italian Duroc pigs extreme and divergent for visible intermuscular fat trait. In the first group, the CTSL polymorphism was associated with weight of lean cuts (P<0.05), while suggestive associations were obtained for average daily gain and backfat thickness (P<0.10). Allele frequencies of the CTSL gene marker also differed positively among the visible intermuscular extreme tails. Instead, no positive effects were observed for the other DNA markers on the analysed traits. In conclusion, in agreement with the present data and for the biological role of these enzymes, the porcine CTSD and CTSL markers: a) may have a direct effect in the biological mechanisms involved in determining fat and lean meat content in pigs, or b) these markers could be very close to the putative functional mutation(s) present in other genes. These findings have important practical applications, in particular the CTSD and CTSL mutations could be applied in a marker assisted selection (MAS) both in the Italian Large White and Italian Duroc breeds. Marker assisted selection could also increase in efficiency by adding information from the cathepsin S genotype, but only in the Italian Large White breed.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry in Italy Wide-field VLBI imaging and astrometry and prospects for an Italian VLBI network including the Sardinia Radio Telescope

In this thesis the use of widefield imaging techniques and VLBI observations with a limited number of antennas are explored. I present techniques to efficiently and accurately image extremely large UV datasets. Very large VLBI datasets must be reduced into multiple, smaller datasets if today’s imaging algorithms are to be used to image them. I present a procedure for accurately shifting the phase centre of a visibility dataset. This procedure has been thoroughly tested and found to be almost two orders of magnitude more accurate than existing techniques. Errors have been found at the level of one part in 1.1 million. These are unlikely to be measurable except in the very largest UV datasets. Results of a four-station VLBI observation of a field containing multiple sources are presented. A 13 gigapixel image was constructed to search for sources across the entire primary beam of the array by generating over 700 smaller UV datasets. The source 1320+299A was detected and its astrometric position with respect to the calibrator J1329+3154 is presented. Various techniques for phase calibration and imaging across this field are explored including using the detected source as an in-beam calibrator and peeling of distant confusing sources from VLBI visibility datasets. A range of issues pertaining to wide-field VLBI have been explored including; parameterising the wide-field performance of VLBI arrays; estimating the sensitivity across the primary beam both for homogeneous and heterogeneous arrays; applying techniques such as mosaicing and primary beam correction to VLBI observations; quantifying the effects of time-average and bandwidth smearing; and calibration and imaging of wide-field VLBI datasets. The performance of a computer cluster at the Istituto di Radioastronomia in Bologna has been characterised with regard to its ability to correlate using the DiFX software correlator. Using existing software it was possible to characterise the network speed particularly for MPI applications. The capabilities of the DiFX software correlator, running on this cluster, were measured for a range of observation parameters and were shown to be commensurate with the generic performance parameters measured. The feasibility of an Italian VLBI array has been explored, with discussion of the infrastructure required, the performance of such an array, possible collaborations, and science which could be achieved. Results from a 22 GHz calibrator survey are also presented. 21 out of 33 sources were detected on a single baseline between two Italian antennas (Medicina to Noto). The results and discussions presented in this thesis suggest that wide-field VLBI is a technique whose time has finally come. Prospects for exciting new science are discussed in the final chapter.

Storia in immagini del PCI. Modalità di comunicazione e di propaganda audiovisiva tra attendibilità storica e mercato contemporaneo

Il progetto di tesi dottorale qui presentato intende proporsi come il proseguimento e l’approfondimento del progetto di ricerca - svoltosi tra il e il 2006 e il 2008 grazie alla collaborazione tra l’Università di Bologna, la Cineteca del Comune e dalla Fondazione Istituto Gramsci Emilia-Romagna - dal titolo Analisi e catalogazione dell’Archivio audiovisivo del PCI dell’Emilia-Romagna di proprietà dell’Istituto Gramsci. La ricerca ha indagato la menzionata collezione che costituiva, in un arco temporale che va dagli anni Cinquanta agli anni Ottanta, una sorta di cineteca interna alla Federazione del Partito Comunista Italiano di Bologna, gestita da un gruppo di volontari denominato “Gruppo Audiovisivi della Federazione del PCI”. Il fondo, entrato in possesso dell’Istituto Gramsci nel 1993, è composto, oltre che da documenti cartacei, anche e sopratutto da un nutrito numero di film e documentari in grado di raccontare sia la storia dell’associazione (in particolare, delle sue relazioni con le sezioni e i circoli della regione) sia, in una prospettiva più ampia, di ricostruire il particolare rapporto che la sede centrale del partito intratteneva con una delle sue cellule regionali più importanti e rappresentative. Il lavoro svolto sul fondo Gramsci ha suscitato una serie di riflessioni che hanno costituito la base per il progetto della ricerca presentata in queste pagine: prima fra tutte, l’idea di realizzare un censimento, da effettuarsi su base regionale, per verificare quali e quanti audiovisivi di propaganda comunista fossero ancora conservati sul territorio. La ricerca, i cui esiti sono consultabili nell’appendice di questo scritto, si è concentrata prevalentemente sugli archivi e sui principali istituti di ricerca dell’Emilia-Romagna: sono questi i luoghi in cui, di fatto, le federazioni e le sezioni del PCI depositarono (o alle quali donarono) le proprie realizzazioni o le proprie collezioni audiovisive al momento della loro chiusura. Il risultato dell’indagine è un nutrito gruppo di film e documentari, registrati sui supporti più diversi e dalle provenienze più disparate: produzioni locali, regionali, nazionali (inviati dalla sede centrale del partito e dalle istituzioni addette alla propaganda), si mescolano a pellicole provenienti dall’estero - testimoni della rete di contatti, in particolare con i paesi comunisti, che il PCI aveva intessuto nel tempo - e a documenti realizzati all’interno dell’articolato contesto associazionistico italiano, composto sia da organizzazioni nazionali ben strutturate sul territorio 8 sia da entità più sporadiche, nate sull’onda di particolari avvenimenti di natura politica e sociale (per esempio i movimenti giovanili e studenteschi sorti durante il ’68). L’incontro con questa tipologia di documenti - così ricchi di informazioni differenti e capaci, per loro stessa natura, di offrire stimoli e spunti di ricerca assolutamente variegati - ha fatto sorgere una serie di domande di diversa natura, che fanno riferimento non solo all’audiovisivo in quanto tale (inteso in termini di contenuti, modalità espressive e narrative, contesto di produzione) ma anche e soprattutto alla natura e alle potenzialità dell’oggetto indagato, concepito in questo caso come una fonte. In altri termini, la raccolta e la catalogazione del materiale, insieme alle ricerche volte a ricostruirne le modalità produttive, gli argomenti, i tratti ricorrenti nell’ambito della comunicazione propagandistica, ha dato adito a una riflessione di carattere più generale, che guarda al rapporto tra mezzo cinematografico e storiografia e, più in dettaglio, all’utilizzo dell’immagine filmica come fonte per la ricerca. Il tutto inserito nel contesto della nostra epoca e, più in particolare, delle possibilità offerte dai mezzi di comunicazione contemporanei. Di fatti, il percorso di riflessione compiuto in queste pagine intende concludersi con una disamina del rapporto tra cinema e storia alla luce delle novità introdotte dalla tecnologia moderna, basata sui concetti chiave di riuso e di intermedialità. Processi di integrazione e rielaborazione mediale capaci di fornire nuove potenzialità anche ai documenti audiovisivi oggetto dei questa analisi: sia per ciò che riguarda il loro utilizzo come fonte storica, sia per quanto concerne un loro impiego nella didattica e nell’insegnamento - nel rispetto della necessaria interdisciplinarietà richiesta nell’utilizzo di questi documenti - all’interno di una più generale rivoluzione mediale che mette in discussione anche il classico concetto di “archivio”, di “fonte” e di “documento”. Nel tentativo di bilanciare i differenti aspetti che questa ricerca intende prendere in esame, la struttura del volume è stata pensata, in termini generali, come ad un percorso suddiviso in tre tappe: la prima, che guarda al passato, quando gli audiovisivi oggetto della ricerca vennero prodotti e distribuiti; una seconda sezione, che fa riferimento all’oggi, momento della riflessione e dell’analisi; per concludere in una terza area, dedicata alla disamina delle potenzialità di questi documenti alla luce delle nuove tecnologie multimediali. Un viaggio che è anche il percorso “ideale” condotto dal ricercatore: dalla scoperta all’analisi, fino alla rimessa in circolo (anche sotto un’altra forma) degli oggetti indagati, all’interno di un altrettanto ideale universo culturale capace di valorizzare qualsiasi tipo di fonte e documento. All’interno di questa struttura generale, la ricerca è stata compiuta cercando di conciliare diversi piani d’analisi, necessari per un adeguato studio dei documenti rintracciati i quali, come si è detto, si presentano estremamente articolati e sfaccettati. 9 Dal punto di vista dei contenuti, infatti, il corpus documentale presenta praticamente tutta la storia italiana del tentennio considerato: non solo storia del Partito Comunista e delle sue campagne di propaganda, ma anche storia sociale, culturale ed economica, in un percorso di crescita e di evoluzione che, dagli anni Cinquanta, portò la nazione ad assumere lo status di paese moderno. In secondo luogo, questi documenti audiovisivi sono prodotti di propaganda realizzati da un partito politico con il preciso scopo di convincere e coinvolgere le masse (degli iscritti e non). Osservarne le modalità produttive, il contesto di realizzazione e le dinamiche culturali interne alla compagine oggetto della ricerca assume un valore centrale per comprendere al meglio la natura dei documenti stessi. I quali, in ultima istanza, sono anche e soprattutto dei film, realizzati in un preciso contesto storico, che è anche storia della settima arte: più in particolare, di quella cinematografia che si propone come “alternativa” al circuito commerciale, strettamente collegata a quella “cultura di sinistra” sulla quale il PCI (almeno fino alla fine degli anni Sessanta) poté godere di un dominio incontrastato. Nel tentativo di condurre una ricerca che tenesse conto di questi differenti aspetti, il lavoro è stato suddiviso in tre sezioni distinte. La prima (che comprende i capitoli 1 e 2) sarà interamente dedicata alla ricostruzione del panorama storico all’interno del quale questi audiovisivi nacquero e vennero distribuiti. Una ricostruzione che intende osservare, in parallelo, i principali eventi della storia nazionale (siano essi di natura politica, sociale ed economica), la storia interna del Partito Comunista e, non da ultimo, la storia della cinematografia nazionale (interna ed esterna al partito). Questo non solo per fornire il contesto adeguato all’interno del quale inserire i documenti osservati, ma anche per spiegarne i contenuti: questi audiovisivi, infatti, non solo sono testimoni degli eventi salienti della storia politica nazionale, ma raccontano anche delle crisi e dei “boom” economici; della vita quotidiana della popolazione e dei suoi problemi, dell’emigrazione, della sanità e della speculazione edilizia; delle rivendicazioni sociali, del movimento delle donne, delle lotte dei giovani sessantottini. C’è, all’interno di questi materiali, tutta la storia del paese, che è contesto di produzione ma anche soggetto del racconto. Un racconto che, una volta spiegato nei contenuti, va indagato nella forma. In questo senso, il terzo capitolo di questo scritto si concentrerà sul concetto di “propaganda” e nella sua verifica pratica attraverso l’analisi dei documenti reperiti. Si cercherà quindi di realizzare una mappatura dei temi portanti della comunicazione politica comunista osservata nel suo evolversi e, in secondo luogo, di analizzare come questi stessi temi-chiave vengano di volta in volta declinati e 10 rappresentati tramite le immagini in movimento. L’alterità positiva del partito - concetto cardine che rappresenta il nucleo ideologico fondante la struttura stessa del Partito Comunista Italiano - verrà quindi osservato nelle sue variegate forme di rappresentazione, nel suo incarnare, di volta in volta, a seconda dei temi e degli argomenti rilevanti, la possibilità della pace; il buongoverno; la verità (contro la menzogna democristiana); la libertà (contro il bigottismo cattolico); la possibilità di un generale cambiamento. La realizzazione di alcuni percorsi d’analisi tra le pellicole reperite presso gli archivi della regione viene proposto, in questa sede, come l’ideale conclusione di un excursus storico che, all’interno dei capitoli precedenti, ha preso in considerazione la storia della cinematografia nazionale (in particolare del contesto produttivo alternativo a quello commerciale) e, in parallelo, l’analisi della produzione audiovisiva interna al PCI, dove si sono voluti osservare non solo gli enti e le istituzioni che internamente al partito si occupavano della cultura e della propaganda - in una distinzione terminologica non solo formale - ma anche le reti di relazioni e i contatti con il contesto cinematografico di cui si è detto. L’intenzione è duplice: da un lato, per inserire la storia del PCI e dei suoi prodotti di propaganda in un contesto socio-culturale reale, senza considerare queste produzioni - così come la vita stessa del partito - come avulsa da una realtà con la quale necessariamente entrava in contatto; in secondo luogo, per portare avanti un altro tipo di discorso, di carattere più speculativo, esplicitato all’interno del quarto capitolo. Ciò che si è voluto indagare, di fatto, non è solo la natura e i contenti di questi documenti audiovisivi, ma anche il loro ruolo nel sistema di comunicazione e di propaganda di partito, dove quest’ultima è identificata come il punto di contatto tra l’intellighenzia comunista (la cultura alta, legittima) e la cultura popolare (in termini gramsciani, subalterna). Il PCI, in questi termini, viene osservato come un microcosmo in grado di ripropone su scala ridotta le dinamiche e le problematiche tipiche della società moderna. L’analisi della storia della sua relazione con la società (cfr. capitolo 2) viene qui letta alla luce di alcune delle principali teorie della storia del consumi e delle interpretazioni circa l’avvento della società di massa. Lo scopo ultimo è quello di verificare se, con l’affermazione dell’industria culturale moderna si sia effettivamente verificata la rottura delle tradizionali divisioni di classe, della classica distinzione tra cultura alta e bassa, se esiste realmente una zona intermedia - nel caso del partito, identificata nella propaganda - in cui si attui concretamente questo rimescolamento, in cui si realizzi realmente la nascita di una “terza cultura” effettivamente nuova e dal carattere comunitario. Il quinto e ultimo capitolo di questo scritto fa invece riferimento a un altro ordine di problemi e argomenti, di cui in parte si è già detto. La ricerca, in questo caso, si è indirizzata verso una 11 riflessione circa l’oggetto stesso dello studio: l’audiovisivo come fonte. La rassegna delle diverse problematiche scaturite dal rapporto tra cinema e storia è corredata dall’analisi delle principali teorie che hanno permesso l’evoluzione di questa relazione, evidenziando di volta in volta le diverse potenzialità che essa può esprimere le sue possibilità d’impiego all’interno di ambiti di ricerca differenti. Il capitolo si completa con una panoramica circa le attuali possibilità di impiego e di riuso di queste fonti: la rassegna e l’analisi dei portali on-line aperti dai principali archivi storici nazionali (e la relativa messa a disposizione dei documenti); il progetto per la creazione di un “museo multimediale del lavoro” e, a seguire, il progetto didattico dei Learning Objects intendono fornire degli spunti per un futuro, possibile utilizzo di questi documenti audiovisivi, di cui questo scritto ha voluto porre in rilievo il valore e le numerose potenzialità.

Longevity and stroke: a study on 1.176 GeHA 90+ Italian sibs

Preface: The improvements of the social-environmental conditions, and medical cares and the quality of life caused a general improvement of the health status of the population, with a consequent reduction of the overall morbidity and mortality, resulting in an increase of life expectancy that has rose dramatically in the last century. Stroke represents the 3rd cause of death and 1st cause of disability in Europe and in Italy. Aim: The aim of this research is to explore the prevalence of stroke in 1.176 90+ Italian sibs, collected from the north, centre and south of the peninsula, and examine the presence of functional and cognitive disability in the stroke affected sibs. Materials and Methods: We divided our sample in three main categories a)Stroke free(960 subjects, 88.72%), b)Young age stroke, reported age of Stroke incidence < 85 y.o.(42 subjects, 3.88%), c)Old age stroke, reported age of Stroke incidence ≥ 85y.o.(80 subjects, 7.39%). We examine cognitive impairment using the MMSE and functional disability using the ADL scale, the chair stand and hand-grip test. The three groups for each test have been analysed according the following parameters: age at interview, sex, ability to understand the questions, can the participant walk 500 m without help, smoke habit, alcohol daily consumption, presence of serious memory impairments (e.g. dementia), Daily Exercise or daily light housework, History of arthritis. Results: After performing mulrivariate analysis, amazingly the young ictus group had worst performance in all the cognitive and functional variables.

Phylogeny and genetic diversity of Italian species of hares (genus Lepus)

In this study we have analysed the genetic variability in ca. 700 samples belonging to six species of genus Lepus using maternal and biparental molecular markers (mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites, Single Nucleotide Polimorphisms). We aimed to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of species of hares living in Europe, and assess the occurrence of hybridization between the European hare Lepus europaeus and the Italian hare Lepus corsicanus. Results showed a deep genetic differentiation and absence of hybridization between L. corsicanus and L. europaeus, confirming that they are distinct and distantly related biological species. In contrast, we showed small genetic distances and a close phylogenetic relationship between the Italian hare and Cantabrian hare L. castroviejoi, which suggest a deeper evaluation of their taxonomic status. Populations of L. corsicanus are geographically differentiated. In particular, the peninsular and Sicilian populations of Italian hares are sharply genetically distinct, which calls for avoiding any translocation between Italy and Sicily. Information on genetic variability and population structure is being used to implement the Italian Action Plan for L. corsicanus.

Study of Italian isolates of Alternaria spp.: molecular and morphological characterization and pathogenesis on apple tree

It was decided to carry out a morphological and molecular characterization of the Italian Alternaria isolatescollected from apple , and evaluate their pathogenicity and subsequently combining the data collected. The strain collection (174 isolates) was constructed by collecting material (received from extension service personnel) between June and August of 2007, 2008, and 2009. A Preliminary bioassays were performed on detached plant materials (fruit and leaf wounded and unwounded), belonging to the Golden cultivar, with two different kind of inoculation (conidial suspension and conidial filtrate). Symptoms were monitored daily and a value of pathogenicity score (P.S.) was assigned on the basis of the diameter of the necrotic area that developed. On the basis of the bioassays, the number of isolates to undergo further molecular analysis was restricted to a representative set of single spore strains (44 strains). Morphological characteristics of the colony and sporulation pattern were determined according to previous systematic work on small-spored Alternaria spp. (Pryor and Michaelides, 2002 and Hong et al., 2006). Reference strains (Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria arborescens and four Japanese strains of Alternaria alternata mali pathotype), used in the study were kindly provided by Prof. Barry Pryor, who allows a open access to his own fungal collection. Molecular characterization was performed combining and comparing different data sets obtained from distinct molecular approach: 1) investigation of specific loci and 2) fingerprinting based on diverse randomly selected polymorphic sites of the genome. As concern the single locus analysis, it was chosen to sequence the EndoPG partial gene and three anonymous region (OPA1-3, OPA2- and OPa10-2). These markers has revealed a powerful tool in the latter systematic works on small-spored Alternaria spp. In fact, as reported in literature small-spored Alternaria taxonomy is complicated due to the inability to resolve evolutionary relationships among the taxa because of the lack of variability in the markers commonly used in fungi systematic. The three data set together provided the necessary variation to establish the phylogenetic relationships among the Italian isolates of Alternaria spp. On Italian strains these markers showed a variable number of informative sites (ranging from 7 for EndoPg to 85 for OPA1-3) and the parsimony analysis produced different tree topologies all concordant to define A. arborescens as a mophyletic clade. Fingerprinting analysis (nine ISSR primers and eight AFLP primers combination) led to the same result: a monophyleic A. arborescens clade and one clade containing both A. tenuissima and the A. alternata strains. This first attempt to characterize Italian Alternaria species recovered from apple produced concordant results with what was already described in a similar phylogenetic study on pistachio (Pryor and Michaelides, 2002), on walnut and hazelnut (Hong et al., 2006), apple (Kang et al., 2002) and citurus (Peever et al., 2004). Together with these studies, this research demonstrates that the three morphological groups are widely distributed and occupy similar ecological niches. Furthermore, this research suggest that these Alternaria species exhibit a similar infection pattern despite the taxonomic and pathogenic differences. The molecular characterization of the pathogens is a fundamental step to understanding the disease that is spreading in the apple orchards of the north Italy. At the beginning the causal agent was considered as Alteraria alternata (Marshall and Bertagnoll, 2006). Their preliminary studies purposed a pathogenic system related to the synthesis of toxins. Experimental data of our bioassays suggest an analogous hypothesis, considering that symptoms could be induced after inoculating plant material with solely the filtrate from pathogenic strains. Moreover, positive PCR reactions using AM-toxin gene specific primers, designed for identification of apple infecting Alternaria pathovar, led to a hypothesis that a host specific toxin (toxins) were involved. It remains an intriguing challenge to discover or not if the agent of the “Italian disease” is the same of the one previously typified as Alternaria mali, casual agent of the apple blotch disease.

Italia e Francia nell'Ungheria di Trianon (1919-1939): due modelli di penetrazione politico-culturale

Italy and France in Trianon’s Hungary: two political and cultural penetration models During the first post-war, the Danubian Europe was the theatre of an Italian-French diplomatic challenge to gain hegemony in that part of the continent. Because of his geographical position, Hungary had a decisive strategic importance for the ambitions of French and Italian foreign politics. Since in the 1920s culture and propaganda became the fourth dimension of international relations, Rome and Paris developed their diplomatic action in Hungary to affirm not only political and economic influence, but also cultural supremacy. In the 1930, after Hitler’s rise to power, the unstoppable comeback of German political influence in central-eastern Europe determined the progressive decline of Italian and French political and economic positions in Hungary: only the cultural field allowed a survey of Italian-Hungarian and French-Hungarian relations in the contest of a Europe dominated by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Nevertheless, the radical geopolitical changes in second post-war Europe did not compromise Italian and French cultural presence in the new communist Hungary. Although cultural diplomacy is originally motivated by contingent political targets, it doesn’t respect the short time of politics, but it’s the only foreign politics tool that guarantees preservations of bilateral relations in the long run.

Work and Family: a complex interplay. An Italian application of the DISC Model on health care workers

The present thesis investigates the issue of work-family conflict and facilitation in a sanitarian contest, using the DISC Model (De Jonge and Dormann, 2003, 2006). The general aim has been declined in two empirical studies reported in this dissertation chapters. Chapter 1 reporting the psychometric properties of the Demand-Induced Strain Compensation Questionnaire. Although the empirical evidence on the DISC Model has received a fair amount of attention in literature both for the theoretical principles and for the instrument developed to display them (DISQ; De Jonge, Dormann, Van Vegchel, Von Nordheim, Dollard, Cotton and Van den Tooren, 2007) there are no studies based solely on psychometric investigation of the instrument. In addition, no previous studies have ever used the DISC as a model or measurement instrument in an Italian context. Thus the first chapter of the present dissertation was based on psychometric investigation of the DISQ. Chapter 2 reporting a longitudinal study contribution. The purpose was to examine, using the DISC model, the relationship between emotional job characteristics, work-family interface and emotional exhaustion among a health care population. We started testing the Triple Match Principle of the DISC Model using solely the emotional dimension of the strain-stress process (i.e. emotional demands, emotional resources and emotional exhaustion). Then we investigated the mediator role played by w-f conflict and w-f facilitation in relation to emotional job characteristics and emotional exhaustion. Finally we compared the mediator model across workers involved in chronic illness home demands and workers who are not involved. Finally, a general conclusion, integrated and discussed the main findings of the studies reported in this dissertation.

Referee Assignment Problem Case: Italian Volleyball Championships

This thesis addresses the formulation of a referee assignment problem for the Italian Volleyball Serie A Championships. The problem has particular constraints such as a referee must be assigned to different teams in a given period of times, and the minimal/maximal level of workload for each referee is obtained by considering cost and profit in the objective function. The problem has been solved through an exact method by using an integer linear programming formulation and a clique based decomposition for improving the computing time. Extensive computational experiments on real-world instances have been performed to determine the effectiveness of the proposed approach.