Development and characterization of non-oxide ceramic composites for mechanical and tribological applications

The main reasons for the attention focused on ceramics as possible structural materials are their wear resistance and the ability to operate with limited oxidation and ablation at temperatures above 2000°C. Hence, this work is devoted to the study of two classes of materials which can satisfy these requirements: silicon carbide -based ceramics (SiC) for wear applications and borides and carbides of transition metals for ultra-high temperatures applications (UHTCs). SiC-based materials: Silicon carbide is a hard ceramic, which finds applications in many industrial sectors, from heat production, to automotive engineering and metals processing. In view of new fields of uses, SiC-based ceramics were produced with addition of 10-30 vol% of MoSi2, in order to obtain electro conductive ceramics. MoSi2, indeed, is an intermetallic compound which possesses high temperature oxidation resistance, high electrical conductivity (21·10-6 Ω·cm), relatively low density (6.31 g/cm3), high melting point (2030°C) and high stiffness (440 GPa). The SiC-based ceramics were hot pressed at 1900°C with addition of Al2O3-Y2O3 or Y2O3-AlN as sintering additives. The microstructure of the composites and of the reference materials, SiC and MoSi2, were studied by means of conventional analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The composites showed a homogeneous microstructure, with good dispersion of the secondary phases and low residual porosity. The following thermo-mechanical properties of the SiC-based materials were measured: Vickers hardness (HV), Young’s modulus (E), fracture toughness (KIc) and room to high temperature flexural strength (σ). The mechanical properties of the composites were compared to those of two monolithic SiC and MoSi2 materials and resulted in a higher stiffness, fracture toughness and slightly higher flexural resistance. Tribological tests were also performed in two configurations disco-on-pin and slideron cylinder, aiming at studying the wear behaviour of SiC-MoSi2 composites with Al2O3 as counterfacing materials. The tests pointed out that the addition of MoSi2 was detrimental owing to a lower hardness in comparison with the pure SiC matrix. On the contrary, electrical measurements revealed that the addition of 30 vol% of MoSi2, rendered the composite electroconductive, lowering the electrical resistance of three orders of magnitude. Ultra High Temperature Ceramics: Carbides, borides and nitrides of transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, Mo) possess very high melting points and interesting engineering properties, such as high hardness (20-25 GPa), high stiffness (400-500 GPa), flexural strengths which remain unaltered from room temperature to 1500°C and excellent corrosion resistance in aggressive environment. All these properties place the UHTCs as potential candidates for the development of manoeuvrable hypersonic flight vehicles with sharp leading edges. To this scope Zr- and Hf- carbide and boride materials were produced with addition of 5-20 vol% of MoSi2. This secondary phase enabled the achievement of full dense composites at temperature lower than 2000°C and without the application of pressure. Besides the conventional microstructure analyses XRD and SEM-EDS, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to explore the microstructure on a small length scale to disclose the effective densification mechanisms. A thorough literature analysis revealed that neither detailed TEM work nor reports on densification mechanisms are available for this class of materials, which however are essential to optimize the sintering aids utilized and the processing parameters applied. Microstructural analyses, along with thermodynamics and crystallographic considerations, led to disclose of the effective role of MoSi2 during sintering of Zrand Hf- carbides and borides. Among the investigated mechanical properties (HV, E, KIc, σ from room temperature to 1500°C), the high temperature flexural strength was improved due to the protective and sealing effect of a silica-based glassy phase, especially for the borides. Nanoindentation tests were also performed on HfC-MoSi2 composites in order to extract hardness and elastic modulus of the single phases. Finally, arc jet tests on HfC- and HfB2-based composites confirmed the excellent oxidation behaviour of these materials under temperature exceeding 2000°C; no cracking or spallation occurred and the modified layer was only 80-90 μm thick.

Biomolecular studies in Alzheimer’s Disease models: investigations in vitro and in vivo

The Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of age-related dementia, is a multifactorial and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AD are yet largely unknown. However, the etiopathogenesis of AD likely resides in the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Among the different factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, amyloid-beta peptides and the genetic risk factor apoE4 are prominent on the basis of genetic evidence and experimental data. ApoE4 transgenic mice have deficits in spatial learning and memory associated with inflammation and brain atrophy. Evidences suggest that apoE4 is implicated in amyloid-beta accumulation, imbalance of cellular antioxidant system and in apoptotic phenomena. The mechanisms by which apoE4 interacts with other AD risk factors leading to an increased susceptibility to the dementia are still unknown. The aim of this research was to provide new insights into molecular mechanisms of AD neurodegeneration, investigating the effect of amyloid-beta peptides and apoE4 genotype on the modulation of genes and proteins differently involved in cellular processes related to aging and oxidative balance such as PIN1, SIRT1, PSEN1, BDNF, TRX1 and GRX1. In particular, we used human neuroblastoma cells exposed to amyloid-beta or apoE3 and apoE4 proteins at different time-points, and selected brain regions of human apoE3 and apoE4 targeted replacement mice, as in vitro and in vivo models, respectively. All genes and proteins studied in the present investigation are modulated by amyloid-beta and apoE4 in different ways, suggesting their involvement in the neurodegenerative mechanisms underlying the AD. Finally, these proteins might represent novel potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in AD.

Interference mitigation techniques for cloud-RAN deployments in 5G and beyond systems

The deployment of ultra-dense networks is one of the most promising solutions to manage the phenomenon of co-channel interference that affects the latest wireless communication systems, especially in hotspots. To meet the requirements of the use-cases and the immense amount of traffic generated in these scenarios, 5G ultra-dense networks are being deployed using various technologies, such as distributed antenna system (DAS) and cloud-radio access network (C-RAN). Through these centralized densification schemes, virtualized baseband processing units coordinate the distributed access points and manage the available network resources. In particular, link adaptation techniques are shown to be fundamental to overall system operation and performance enhancement. The core of this dissertation is the result of an analysis and a comparison of dynamic and adaptive methods for modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selection applied to the latest mobile telecommunications standards. A novel algorithm based on the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller principles and block error rate (BLER) target has been proposed. Tests were conducted in a 4G and 5G system level laboratory and, by means of a channel emulator, the performance was evaluated for different channel models and target BLERs. Furthermore, due to the intrinsic sectorization of the end-users distribution in the investigated scenario, a preliminary analysis on the joint application of users grouping algorithms with multi-antenna and multi-user techniques has been performed. In conclusion, the importance and impact of other fundamental physical layer operations, such as channel estimation and power control, on the overall end-to-end system behavior and performance were highlighted.

Modellazione multibody di veicoli ferroviari: sviluppo ed implementazione di modelli innovativi per l'analisi del contatto ruota - rotaia

The wheel - rail contact analysis plays a fundamental role in the multibody modeling of railway vehicles. A good contact model must provide an accurate description of the global contact phenomena (contact forces and torques, number and position of the contact points) and of the local contact phenomena (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements). The model has also to assure high numerical efficiency (in order to be implemented directly online within multibody models) and a good compatibility with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The wheel - rail contact problem has been discussed by several authors and many models can be found in the literature. The contact models can be subdivided into two different categories: the global models and the local (or differential) models. Currently, as regards the global models, the main approaches to the problem are the so - called rigid contact formulation and the semi – elastic contact description. The rigid approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. The contact is imposed by means of constraint equations and the contact points are detected during the dynamic simulation by solving the nonlinear algebraic differential equations associated to the constrained multibody system. Indentation between the bodies is not permitted and the normal contact forces are calculated through the Lagrange multipliers. Finally the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces respectively. Also the semi - elastic approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. However in this case no kinematic constraints are imposed and the indentation between the bodies is permitted. The contact points are detected by means of approximated procedures (based on look - up tables and simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry). The normal contact forces are calculated as a function of the indentation while, as in the rigid approach, the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces. Both the described multibody approaches are computationally very efficient but their generality and accuracy turn out to be often insufficient because the physical hypotheses behind these theories are too restrictive and, in many circumstances, unverified. In order to obtain a complete description of the contact phenomena, local (or differential) contact models are needed. In other words wheel and rail have to be considered elastic bodies governed by the Navier’s equations and the contact has to be described by suitable analytical contact conditions. The contact between elastic bodies has been widely studied in literature both in the general case and in the rolling case. Many procedures based on variational inequalities, FEM techniques and convex optimization have been developed. This kind of approach assures high generality and accuracy but still needs very large computational costs and memory consumption. Due to the high computational load and memory consumption, referring to the current state of the art, the integration between multibody and differential modeling is almost absent in literature especially in the railway field. However this integration is very important because only the differential modeling allows an accurate analysis of the contact problem (in terms of contact forces and torques, position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) while the multibody modeling is the standard in the study of the railway dynamics. In this thesis some innovative wheel – rail contact models developed during the Ph. D. activity will be described. Concerning the global models, two new models belonging to the semi – elastic approach will be presented; the models satisfy the following specifics: 1) the models have to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the models have to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the models have to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the models have to evaluate the number and the position of the contact points and, for each point, the contact forces and torques 4) the models have to be implementable directly online within the multibody models without look - up tables 5) the models have to assure computation times comparable with those of commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail) and compatible with RT and HIL applications 6) the models have to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The most innovative aspect of the new global contact models regards the detection of the contact points. In particular both the models aim to reduce the algebraic problem dimension by means of suitable analytical techniques. This kind of reduction allows to obtain an high numerical efficiency that makes possible the online implementation of the new procedure and the achievement of performance comparable with those of commercial multibody software. At the same time the analytical approach assures high accuracy and generality. Concerning the local (or differential) contact models, one new model satisfying the following specifics will be presented: 1) the model has to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the model has to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the model has to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the model has to able to calculate both the global contact variables (contact forces and torques) and the local contact variables (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) 4) the model has to be implementable directly online within the multibody models 5) the model has to assure high numerical efficiency and a reduced memory consumption in order to achieve a good integration between multibody and differential modeling (the base for the local contact models) 6) the model has to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). In this case the most innovative aspects of the new local contact model regard the contact modeling (by means of suitable analytical conditions) and the implementation of the numerical algorithms needed to solve the discrete problem arising from the discretization of the original continuum problem. Moreover, during the development of the local model, the achievement of a good compromise between accuracy and efficiency turned out to be very important to obtain a good integration between multibody and differential modeling. At this point the contact models has been inserted within a 3D multibody model of a railway vehicle to obtain a complete model of the wagon. The railway vehicle chosen as benchmark is the Manchester Wagon the physical and geometrical characteristics of which are easily available in the literature. The model of the whole railway vehicle (multibody model and contact model) has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The multibody model has been implemented in SimMechanics, a Matlab toolbox specifically designed for multibody dynamics, while, as regards the contact models, the CS – functions have been used; this particular Matlab architecture allows to efficiently connect the Matlab/Simulink and the C/C++ environment. The 3D multibody model of the same vehicle (this time equipped with a standard contact model based on the semi - elastic approach) has been then implemented also in Simpack Rail, a commercial multibody software for railway vehicles widely tested and validated. Finally numerical simulations of the vehicle dynamics have been carried out on many different railway tracks with the aim of evaluating the performances of the whole model. The comparison between the results obtained by the Matlab/ Simulink model and those obtained by the Simpack Rail model has allowed an accurate and reliable validation of the new contact models. In conclusion to this brief introduction to my Ph. D. thesis, we would like to thank Trenitalia and the Regione Toscana for the support provided during all the Ph. D. activity. Moreover we would also like to thank the INTEC GmbH, the society the develops the software Simpack Rail, with which we are currently working together to develop innovative toolboxes specifically designed for the wheel rail contact analysis.

Web advertising. Le comunicazioni commerciali on-line.

La tesi ha ad oggetto lo studio e l’approfondimento delle forme di promozione commerciale presenti in Rete caratterizzate, più che da una normale evoluzione, da continue metamorfosi che ridefiniscono ogni giorno il concetto di pubblicità. L’intento è quello di analizzare il quadro giuridico applicabile alla pubblicità via Web, a fronte della varità di forme e di modalità che essa può assumere. Nel lavoro vengono passate in rassegna le caratteristiche che differenziano la pubblicità commerciale on-line rispetto a quella tradizionale; tra le quali, particolare rilievo assume la capacità d’istaurare una relazione – diretta e non mediata – tra impresa e consumatore. Nel prosieguo viene affrontato il problema dell’individuazione, stante il carattere a-territoriale della Rete, della legge applicabile al web advertising, per poi passare ad una ricognizione delle norme europee ed italiane in materia, senza trascurare quelle emanate in sede di autodisciplina. Ampio spazio è dedicato, infine, all’esame delle diverse e più recenti tecniche di promozione pubblicitaria, di cui sono messi in evidenza gli aspetti tecnico-informatici, imprescindibili ai fini di una corretta valutazione del tema giuridico. In particolare, vengono approfonditi il servizio di posizionamento a pagamento offerto dai principali motori di ricerca (keywords advertising) e gli strumenti di tracciamento dei “comportamenti” on-line degli utenti, che consentono la realizzazione di campagne pubblicitarie mirate (on-line behavioural advertising). Il Web, infatti, non offre più soltanto la possibilità di superare barriere spaziali, linguistiche o temporali e di ampliare la propria sfera di notorietà, ma anche di raggiungere l’utente “interessato” e, pertanto, potenziale acquirente. Di queste nuove realtà pubblicitarie vengono vagliati gli aspetti più critici ed esaminata la disciplina giuridica eventualmente applicabile anche alla luce delle principali decisioni giurisprudenziali nazionali ed europee in materia, nonché delle esperienze giuridiche nord-americane e di tipo autoregolamentare.

Servizi di posizionamento e potenzialità degli atti di aggiornamento cartografico in coordinate assolute ETRF2000

Il contesto nazionale è cambiato recentemente per l’introduzione del nuovo Sistema Geodetico coincidente con quello Europeo (ETRS89, frame ETRF00) e realizzato dalle stazioni della Rete Dinamica Nazionale. Sistema geodetico, associato al cartografico UTM_ETRF00, divenuto per decreto obbligatorio nelle Pubbliche Amministrazioni. Questo cambiamento ha consentito di ottenere rilevamenti dei dati cartografici in coordinate assolute ETRF00 molto più accurate. Quando i dati così rilevati vengono utilizzati per aggiornamenti cartografici perdono le coordinate originarie e vengono adattati a particolari cartografici circostanti. Per progettare una modernizzazione delle mappe catastali e delle carte tecniche finalizzata a consentire l’introduzione degli aggiornamenti senza modificarne le coordinate assolute originarie, lo studio è iniziato valutando come utilizzare sviluppi di strutturazione dei dati topografici presenti nel Database Geotopografico, modellizzazioni 3D di fabbricati nelle esperienze catastali INSPIRE, integrazioni in ambito MUDE tra progetti edilizi e loro realizzazioni. Lo studio è proseguito valutando i servizi di posizionamento in tempo reale NRTK presenti in Italia. Inoltre sono state effettuate sperimentazioni per verificare anche in sede locale la precisione e l’affidabilità dei servizi di posizionamento presenti. La criticità della cartografia catastale deriva sostanzialmente dal due fatti: che originariamente fu inquadrata in 850 Sistemi e successivamente fu trasformata in Roma40 con una esigua densità di punti rimisurati; che fino al 1988 fu aggiornata con modalità non rigorose di bassa qualità. Per risolvere tali criticità si è quindi ipotizzato di sfruttare le modalità di rilevamento NRTK per aumentare localmente la densità dei punti rimisurati e reinquadrare le mappe catastali. Il test, realizzato a Bologna, ha comportato un’analisi preliminare per individuare quali Punti Fiduciali considerare coerenti con le specifiche cartografiche per poi utilizzarli e aumentare localmente la densità dei punti rimisurati. La sperimentazione ha consentito la realizzazione del progetto e di inserire quindi i prossimi aggiornamenti senza modificarne le coordinate ETRF00 ottenute dal servizio di posizionamento.

A Bayesian changepoint analysis on spatio-temporal point processes

Changepoint analysis is a well established area of statistical research, but in the context of spatio-temporal point processes it is as yet relatively unexplored. Some substantial differences with regard to standard changepoint analysis have to be taken into account: firstly, at every time point the datum is an irregular pattern of points; secondly, in real situations issues of spatial dependence between points and temporal dependence within time segments raise. Our motivating example consists of data concerning the monitoring and recovery of radioactive particles from Sandside beach, North of Scotland; there have been two major changes in the equipment used to detect the particles, representing known potential changepoints in the number of retrieved particles. In addition, offshore particle retrieval campaigns are believed may reduce the particle intensity onshore with an unknown temporal lag; in this latter case, the problem concerns multiple unknown changepoints. We therefore propose a Bayesian approach for detecting multiple changepoints in the intensity function of a spatio-temporal point process, allowing for spatial and temporal dependence within segments. We use Log-Gaussian Cox Processes, a very flexible class of models suitable for environmental applications that can be implemented using integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA), a computationally efficient alternative to Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods for approximating the posterior distribution of the parameters. Once the posterior curve is obtained, we propose a few methods for detecting significant change points. We present a simulation study, which consists in generating spatio-temporal point pattern series under several scenarios; the performance of the methods is assessed in terms of type I and II errors, detected changepoint locations and accuracy of the segment intensity estimates. We finally apply the above methods to the motivating dataset and find good and sensible results about the presence and quality of changes in the process.

Arte e design in Italia dalla metà degli anni Sessanta alle ultime tendenze

Il lavoro di ricerca è rivolto ad indagare l’emersione di schemi di variazione comuni all’arte e al design, limitatamente al contesto italiano e in un arco di tempo che va dalla metà degli anni Sessanta del secolo scorso a oggi. L’analisi vuole rintracciare, mediante l’applicazione della metodologia fenomenologica, un sentire condiviso tra le due discipline e, nel pieno rispetto dei relativi linguaggi e con nessuna volontà di sudditanza degli uni rispetto agli altri, individuare i rapporti di corrispondenza omologica capaci di mettere in luce lo spirito del tempo che le ha generate. La ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di estendere gli studi sul contemporaneo attraverso un’impostazione che intende applicare gli strumenti metodologici della critica d’arte all’evoluzione stilistica delle tendenze del design italiano. Non si è voluto redigere una “storia” del design italiano ma, considerata anche l’ampiezza dell’argomento, si è necessariamente proceduto a delimitare il territorio di applicazione scegliendo di prendere in considerazione il solo settore del design dell’arredo. Si è dunque optato per una visione globale delle vicende del design del prodotto, tesa ad indagare gli snodi principali, concentrando pertanto l’analisi su alcuni protagonisti della cultura del progetto, ossia su quelle figure risultate dominanti nel proprio tempo perché capaci con il loro lavoro di dare un contribuito determinante alla comprensione delle fasi evolutive del design italiano. Gli strumenti utili a condurre l’analisi provengono principalmente dalla metodologia binaria individuata dallo storico dell’arte Heinrich Wölfflin e dagli studi di Renato Barilli, il cui impianto culturologico ha fornito un indispensabile contributo al processo di sistematizzazione dei meccanismi di variazione interni alle arti; sia quelli di tipo orizzontale, di convergenza reciproca con gli altri saperi, che di tipo verticale, in rapporto cioè con le scoperte scientifiche e tecnologiche della coeva cultura materiale.

Ricerche sulle Res cottidianae

Le Res cottidianae sive Aurea sono un’opera giuridica elementare di diritto privato romano. A differenza delle Institutiones di Gaio, di cui abbiamo conoscenza in larga misura grazie al palinsesto Codice Veronese, tutto ciò che sappiamo delle res cottidianae si arresta a ventisei frammenti che ci sono tramandati dal Digesto. Dibattuta è la loro paternità, dibattuta la genuinità del loro contenuto, dibattuti sono il titolo che recavano e di quanti libri fossero composte. La presente ricerca tenta di rispondere a queste vexatae quaestiones e offrire nuove prospettive alla risoluzione del c.d. «enigma gaiano». Punto di partenza sarà una indagine preliminare sul rapporto intercorrente tra le res cottidianae e le Institutiones di Gaio, volta a mostrare la struttura parallela delle due opere, le analogie testuali, i punti di contatto e divergenza. Ci si addentrerà, in seguito, nei ventisei frammenti delle res cottidianae, posto che qualsiasi riflessione scientifica sull’opera non può essere svincolata dall’analisi testuale. Si offrirà infine un bilancio complessivo delle res cottidianae, anche in relazione all’effettiva portata del lascito gaiano agli studi giuridici di diritto positivo.

Relazione tra carica virale, reazione immunitaria dell'ospite, microbiota e decorso clinico della bronchiolite acuta nei bambini con età inferiore ai 12 mesi (RMB2018)

Il principale motivo di ospedalizzazione del lattante è la bronchiolite acuta, causata in primis dal Virus Respiratorio Sinciziale (VRS). In questo ambito appaiono controversi i risultati in letteratura riguardo: carica del VRS, risposta immunitaria ed infiammatoria dell’ospite, microbiota del paziente (durante l’infezione e per successivo sviluppo di wheezing e asma). In questo studio di coorte prospettico monocentrico vengono arruolati lattanti peraltro sani ricoverati per primo episodio di bronchiolite acuta, da VRS o da altro agente, per valutare primariamente la relazione tra decorso clinico e carica del VRS, secondariamente l’associazione con specifiche composizioni e modifiche nel tempo del microbiota nasofaringeo ed intestinale durante la fase acuta e nel lungo termine in relazione a sviluppo di wheezing ricorrente. Nello studio sono stati arruolati finora 89 pazienti, di cui 68 con bronchiolite da VRS (76.4%), con analisi della carica virale su 41 lattanti (60.3%) e del microbiota su 20 (29.4%). L’analisi della carica del VRS non ha riscontrato associazione tra outcome di severità clinica quali necessità e durata di ossigenoterapia, nonché durata di ricovero. La presenza di trend di associazione tra carica virale all’ingresso e picco del VRS-RNA con necessità di ossigenoterapia ad alto flusso (HFNC) e l’associazione significativa di clearance di VRS con HFNC (p = 0.03) suggeriscono che la carica virale potrebbe influenzare la severità della bronchiolite da VRS. Le analisi del microbiota evidenziano numerosi genera mai descritti finora in letteratura a nostra conoscenza (es. Alloiococcus e Leptotrichia su aspirato, nonché tutti i dati emersi dallo studio della saliva, prima volta in letteratura) ed un generale aumento della diversity a 6 mesi dalla dimissione. Occorrerà completare l’analisi della carica del VRS con quella del sistema infiammatorio dell’ospite, nonché studiare il microbiota sui campioni del follow-up a lungo termine per la verifica di eventuali associazioni con sviluppo di wheezing e asma.