Mezzi innovativi nella difesa delle cucurbitacee da Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae

Lo studio “Lotta biologica a Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae su zucchino” si colloca nell’ambito della difesa integrata delle colture orticole dalle fitopatie fungine, in particolare quelle causate da patogeni ad habitat terricolo nei confronti dei quali è sempre più frequente il ricorso a mezzi di lotta diversi dai prodotti chimici. Interessante e innovativa appare la prospettiva di utilizzare microrganismi adatti a svilupparsi nel suolo, competenti per la rizosfera delle piante e con spiccate caratteristiche d’antagonismo verso i patogeni tellurici e di stimolazione delle difese sistemiche della pianta. Il marciume del colletto delle cucurbitacee, causato da diversi patogeni tra cui Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae, rappresenta la principale malattia fungina di tipo tellurica che colpisce lo zucchino ed il melone nella Pianura Padana e che può portare a consistenti perdite produttive. Indagini condotte dal 2004 da parte del Diproval nell’areale bolognese, hanno evidenziato un’elevata frequenza del patogeno su zucchino coltivato soprattutto in tunnel. Considerata la carenza di conoscenze locali di F. solani f.sp. cucurbitae e di mezzi chimici di lotta efficaci, la ricerca svolta ha inteso approfondire la diagnosi della malattia e le caratteristiche biologiche degli isolati locali, e valutare la possibilità di utilizzare metodi biologici di lotta contro questo patogeno, nonché di studiare alcune delle possibili modalità d’azione di microrganismi antagonisti. Sono state pertanto prelevate, da zone diverse del Bolognese, campioni di piante di zucchino che presentavano sintomi di marciume del colletto ed è stato isolato il patogeno, che in base alle caratteristiche morfologiche macro e microscopiche, alle prove di patogenicità su diversi ospiti e a saggi biomolecolari, è stato identificato come Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen razza 1. Dagli isolati di campo sono state realizzate un centinaio di colture monosporiche venti delle quali sono state utilizzate per la prosecuzione delle prove. I venti ceppi sono stati saggiati per la loro patogenicità inoculandoli in terriccio sterile e con trapianto di giovani piante di zucchino. E’ risultata un’elevata variabilità del livello di virulenza tra i ceppi, stimata da 39% a 83% riguardo la gravità della malattia e da 61 a 96% per la frequenza di malattia. Sono state condotte prove di accrescimento miceliare che hanno evidenziato differenze tra i ceppi e tra gli esperimenti condotti a tre diverse temperature (17, 23 e 28°C) alla luce ed al buio. La crescita maggiore complessivamente è stata ottenuta a 23°C. I venti ceppi hanno anche mostrato di produrre, in vitro, vari livelli di enzimi di patogenesi quali cellulasi, poligalatturonasi, pectin liasi e proteasi. E’ stata evidenziata unan correlazione significativa tra attività cellulasica e pectin liasica con frequenza e gravità della malattia dei venti ceppi del patogeno. Le prove relative al contenimento della malattia sono state condotte in cella climatica. Sono stati considerati prodotti commerciali (Remedier, Rootshield, Cedomon, Mycostop, Proradix, Clonotry) a base rispettivamente dei seguenti microrganismi: Trichoderma harzianum ICC012 + T. viride ICC080, T. harzianum T22, Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA342, Streptomyces griseoviridis K61, P. fluorescens proradix DSM13134 e T. harzianum + Clonostachys rosea). I prodotti sono stati somministrati sul seme, al terreno e su seme+terreno (esperimenti 1 e 2) e in vivaio, al trapianto e vivaio+trapianto (esperimenti 3 e 4), riproducendo situazioni di pratico impiego. L’inoculazione del patogeno (un ceppo ad elevata patogenicità, Fs7 ed uno a bassa patogenicità, Fs37) è stata effettuata nel terreno distribuendo uno sfarinato secco di semi di miglio e cereali colonizzati dal patogeno. La malattia è stata valutata come intensità e gravità. I prodotti sono stati impiegati in situazioni di particolare stress, avendo favorito particolarmente la crescita del patogeno. Complessivamente i risultati hanno evidenziato effetti di contenimento maggiore della malattia nel caso del ceppo Fs37, meno virulento. La malattia è stata ridotta quasi sempre da tutti i formulati e quello che l’ha ridotta maggiormente è stato Cedomon. Il contenimento della malattia somministrando i prodotti solo nel terreno di semina o di trapianto è stato in generale quello più basso. Il contenimento più elevato è stato ottenuto con la combinazione di due tipologie di trattamento, seme+terreno e vivaio+trapianto. Le differenze tra i prodotti sono risultate più evidenti nel caso del ceppo Fs7. Per quanto riguarda lo studio di alcune delle modalità d’azione dei microrganismi contenuti nei formulati più efficaci, è stato verificato che tutti sono stati in grado di inibire, se pur in vario modo, la crescita del patogeno in vitro. Gli antagonisti più efficaci sono stati S. griseoviridis K61 (Mycostop) e P. fluorescens proradix DSM13134). I ceppi di Trichoderma, ed in particolare T.harzianum T22 (Rootshield), sono risultati i più attivi colonizzatori del substrato. Riguardo il fenomeno dell’antibiosi, il batterio P. fluorescens proradix DSM13134 ha mostrato di produrre i metaboliti non volatili più efficaci nel ridurre lo sviluppo del patogeno. Nelle condizioni sperimentali adottate anche i due ceppi di T. viride ICC080 e T. harzianum ICC012 hanno dimostrato di produrre metaboliti efficaci. Tali risultati, anche se relativi a prove in vitro, possono contribuire alla comprensione dei meccanismi dei microrganismi sul contenimento dell’infezione relativamente al rapporto diretto sul patogeno. E’ stato inoltre verificato che tutti i microrganismi saggiati sono dotati di competenza rizosferica e solo i batteri di endofitismo. Si conclude che, nonostante l’elevata pressione infettiva del patogeno che ha certamente influito negativamente sull’efficacia dei microrganismi studiati, i microrganismi antagonisti possono avere un ruolo nel ridurre l’infezione di F. solani f.sp. cucurbitae razza 1.

Pet food: quality and quality improvement

Today’s pet food industry is growing rapidly, with pet owners demanding high-quality diets for their pets. The primary role of diet is to provide enough nutrients to meet metabolic requirements, while giving the consumer a feeling of well-being. Diet nutrient composition and digestibility are of crucial importance for health and well being of animals. A recent strategy to improve the quality of food is the use of “nutraceuticals” or “Functional foods”. At the moment, probiotics and prebiotics are among the most studied and frequently used functional food compounds in pet foods. The present thesis reported results from three different studies. The first study aimed to develop a simple laboratory method to predict pet foods digestibility. The developed method was based on the two-step multi-enzymatic incubation assay described by Vervaeke et al. (1989), with some modification in order to better represent the digestive physiology of dogs. A trial was then conducted to compare in vivo digestibility of pet-foods and in vitro digestibility using the newly developed method. Correlation coefficients showed a close correlation between digestibility data of total dry matter and crude protein obtained with in vivo and in vitro methods (0.9976 and 0.9957, respectively). Ether extract presented a lower correlation coefficient, although close to 1 (0.9098). Based on the present results, the new method could be considered as an alternative system of evaluation of dog foods digestibility, reducing the need for using experimental animals in digestibility trials. The second parte of the study aimed to isolate from dog faeces a Lactobacillus strain capable of exert a probiotic effect on dog intestinal microflora. A L. animalis strain was isolated from the faeces of 17 adult healthy dogs..The isolated strain was first studied in vitro when it was added to a canine faecal inoculum (at a final concentration of 6 Log CFU/mL) that was incubated in anaerobic serum bottles and syringes which simulated the large intestine of dogs. Samples of fermentation fluid were collected at 0, 4, 8, and 24 hours for analysis (ammonia, SCFA, pH, lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms, clostridia). Consequently, the L. animalis strain was fed to nine dogs having lactobacilli counts lower than 4.5 Log CFU per g of faeces. The study indicated that the L animalis strain was able to survive gastrointestinal passage and transitorily colonize the dog intestine. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed that the L. animalis strain positively influenced composition and metabolism of the intestinal microflora of dogs. The third trail investigated in vitro the effects of several non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO) on dog intestinal microflora composition and metabolism. Substrates were fermented using a canine faecal inoculum that was incubated in anaerobic serum bottles and syringes. Substrates were added at the final concentration of 1g/L (inulin, FOS, pectin, lactitol, gluconic acid) or 4g/L (chicory). Samples of fermentation fluid were collected at 0, 6, and 24 hours for analysis (ammonia, SCFA, pH, lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms). Gas production was measured throughout the 24 h of the study. Among the tested NDO lactitol showed the best prebiotic properties. In fact, it reduced coliforms and increased lactobacilli counts, enhanced microbial fermentation and promoted the production of SCFA while decreasing BCFA. All the substrates that were investigated showed one or more positive effects on dog faecal microflora metabolism or composition. Further studies (in particular in vivo studies with dogs) will be needed to confirm the prebiotic properties of lactitol and evaluate its optimal level of inclusion in the diet.

Enzimi, acidi organici ed altri metaboliti coinvolti nella patogenesi di Penicillium spp

Blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum Link is one of the most destructive rot of pome fruit in all growing areas (Snowdon, 1990; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1991; Tonini,1996) In the past, Penicillium rot has been controlled by fungicide postharvest treatment mainly by thiabendazole (TBZ) and benomyl (Hardenburg and Spalding, 1972), but their intense use produced the appearance of resistant strains with a great reduction of their activity The aims of the present study were to characterize the isolates of Pencillium sp causing blue mold on pear in Italy by physiological and biochemical parameters. In particular differencing also the behavior of isolates to relationship with sensitivity or resistance to TBZ treatments. We have examined the early stage of infection in relation to enzyme activity, local modulation of pH, production of organic acids, and to secondary metabolism of pathogen. The results described here confirm that the majority of P. expansum isolates from pears packing houses are resistant to TBZ, Among the TBZ-resistant isolates scored in this work, different isolates (RR) showed higher percentage of conidial germination on TBZ-amended medium compared to non amended medium. This may indicate a stimulatory effect of TBZ on conidial germination. Therefore TBZ treatments are not only ineffective for controlling P. expansum, but they may also increase the severity of blue mould on fruits. In the absence of fungicide, isolates showed a significant difference for infection severity, R and RR isolates are characterized by higher pathogenic fitness on fruits, producing larger lesions than S isolates. These data are supported by the study with laboratory-induced resistant isolates, which shows the lack of correlation between TBZ resistance and osmotic sensitivity, and highlights the association between TBZ resistance and infection severity (Baraldi et al 2003). Enzymatic screening gave a positive reaction to esterase, urease, pectinase activity, in addition, the pathogen is able to synthesize a complex enzyme act to degrade the main components of the cell wall especially pectin and cellulose. Isolated sensitive and resistant are characterized by a good activity of pectinase, especially from poligactoronase, which, as already reported by several studies (D'hallewin et al, 2004; Prusky et al, 2004), are the basis of degradative process of cell wall. Also, although the measure was minor also highlighted some activities of cellulase, but even note in the production of this kind of cellulase and hemicellulase P. Expansum were not targeted, studies have found no other source of information in this regard. Twenty isolates of Penicillium expansum, were tested in vitro ad in vivo for acid production ability and pH drop. We have found that modulation of pH and the organic acids extrusion were influence to various parameter:  Initial pH: in general, the greatest reduction of pH was observed in isolates grown at pH 7, except for four isolates that maintained the pH of the medium close to 7, the others significantly decreased the pH, ranging from 5.5 to 4.1.. In extreme acid condition (pH 3,0) growth and modulation of pH is most lower respect optimal condition (pH 5,0). Also isolates R and RR have showed a greater adaptation to environmental condition more than isolates S.  Time: although the acidification continues for some days, PH modulation is strongest in early hours (48-72 hours)of inoculation process. Time also affects the quality of organic acids, for example in vitro results showed an initial abundant production of succinc acid, followed to important production of galacturoinc acid.  Substrates: there are many differences for the type of acids produced in vitro and in vivo. Results showed in vivo an abundant production of galacturonic, malic, and citric acids and some unknown organic acids in smaller concentrations. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed intra-specific differences, and patulin was found in all isolates, but most significant reduction was observed between in vitro and in vivo samples. There was no correlation between the concentration of patulin, and the percentage of infected fruits, but sample with a lower infection severity of rotten area than the others, showed a significantly lower mycotoxin concentration than samples with a higher lesion diameter of rotten area. Beyond of patulin was detected the presence of another secondary metabolite, penitrem A.

Influence of processing conditions on quality aspects of potato-based fresh pasta

Gnocchi is a typical Italian potato-based fresh pasta that can be either homemade or industrially manufactured. The homemade traditional product is consumed fresh on the day it is produced, whereas the industrially manufactured one is vacuum-packed in polyethylene and usually stored at refrigerated conditions. At industrial level, most kinds of gnocchi are usually produced by using some potato derivatives (i.e. flakes, dehydrated products or flour) to which soft wheat flour, salt, some emulsifiers and aromas are added. Recently, a novel type of gnocchi emerged on the Italian pasta market, since it would be as much similar as possible to the traditional homemade one. It is industrially produced from fresh potatoes as main ingredient and soft wheat flour, pasteurized liquid eggs and salt, moreover this product undergoes steam cooking and mashing industrial treatments. Neither preservatives nor emulsifiers are included in the recipe. The main aim of this work was to get inside the industrial manufacture of gnocchi, in order to improve the quality characteristics of the final product, by the study of the main steps of the production, starting from the raw and steam cooked tubers, through the semi-finished materials, such as the potato puree and the formulated dough. For this purpose the investigation of the enzymatic activity of the raw and steam cooked potatoes, the main characteristics of the puree (colour, texture and starch), the interaction among ingredients of differently formulated doughs and the basic quality aspects of the final product have been performed. Results obtained in this work indicated that steam cooking influenced the analysed enzymes (Pectin methylesterase and α- and β-amylases) in different tissues of the tuber. PME resulted still active in the cortex, it therefore may affect the texture of cooked potatoes to be used as main ingredient in the production of gnocchi. Starch degrading enzymes (α- and β-amylases) were inactivated both in the cortex and in the pith of the tuber. The study performed on the potato puree showed that, between the two analysed samples, the product which employed dual lower pressure treatments seemed to be the most suitable to the production of gnocchi, in terms of its better physicochemical and textural properties. It did not evidence aggregation phenomena responsible of hard lumps, which may occur in this kind of semi-finished product. The textural properties of gnocchi doughs were not influenced by the different formulation as expected. Among the ingredients involved in the preparation of the different samples, soft wheat flour seemed to be the most crucial in affecting the quality features of gnocchi doughs. As a consequence of the interactive effect of the ingredients on the physicochemical and textural characteristics of the different doughs, a uniform and well-defined split-up among samples was not obtained. In the comparison of different kinds of gnocchi, the optimal physicochemical and textural properties were detected in the sample made with fresh tubers. This was probably caused not only by the use of fresh steam cooked potatoes, but also by the pasteurized liquid eggs and by the absence of any kind of emulsifier, additive or preserving substance.

Strategie formulative per la veicolazione nasale di farmaci

Microparticelle a base di complessi polielettrolitici di Chitosano/Pectina per il rilascio nasale di Tacrina cloridrato. Lo scopo di questo studio è stata la ricerca di nuove formulazioni solide per la somministrazione nasale di Tacrina cloridrato allo scopo di ridurre l’eccessivo effetto di primo passaggio epatico ed aumentarne la biodisponibilità a livello del Sistema Nervoso Centrale. La Tacrina è stata incapsulata in microparticelle mucoadesive a base di complessi elettrolitici di chitosano e pectina. Le microparticelle sono state preparate mediante due diversi approcci tecnologici (spray-drying e spray-drying/liofilizzazione) e analizzate in termini di caratteristiche dimensionali, morfologiche e chimico-fisiche. Nanoparticelle di Chitosano reticolate con Sodio Cromoglicato per il trattamento della rinite allergica. Il Sodio Cromoglicato è uno dei farmaci utilizzati per il trattamento della rinite allergica. Come noto, la clearance mucociliare provoca una rapida rimozione dei farmaci in soluzione dalla cavità nasale, aumentando così il numero di somministrazioni giornaliere e, di conseguenza, riducendo la compliance del paziente. Per ovviare a tale problema, si è pensato di includere il sodio cromoglicato in nanoparticelle di chitosano, un polimero capace di aderire alla mucosa nasale, prolungare il contatto della formulazione con il sito di applicazione e ridurre il numero di somministrazioni giornaliere. Le nanoparticelle ottenute sono state caratterizzate in termini di dimensioni, resa, efficienza di incapsulazione e caricamento del farmaco, potenziale zeta e caratteristiche mucoadesive. Analisi quantitativa di Budesonide amorfa tramite calorimetria a scansione differenziale. È stato sviluppato un nuovo metodo quantitativo allo stato solido basato sulla Calorimetria a Scansione Differenziale (DSC) in grado di quantificare in modo selettivo e accurato la quantità di Budesonide amorfa presente in una miscela solida. Durante lo sviluppo del metodo sono stati affrontati problemi relativi alla convalida di metodi analitici su campioni solidi quali la miscelazione di polveri solide per la preparazione di miscele standard e il calcolo della precisione.