The prediction of flash evaporation in superheated fuel injections for automotive applications

In gasoline Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and Direct Injection (GDI) internal combustion engines, the liquid fuel might be injected into a gaseous ambient in a superheated state, resulting in flash boiling of the fuel. The importance to investigate and predict such a process is due to the influence it has on the liquid fuel atomization and vaporization and thus on combustion, with direct implications on engine performances and exhaust gas emissions. The topic of the present PhD research involves the numerical analysis of the behaviour of the superheated fuel during the injection process, in high pressure injection systems like the ones equipping GDI engines. Particular emphasis is on the investigation of the effects of the fuel superheating degree on atomization dynamics and spray characteristics. The present work is a look at the flash evaporation and flash boiling modeling, from an engineering point of view, addressed to keep the complex physics involved as simple as possible, however capturing the main characteristics of a superheated fuel injection.

Metodi biomolecolari per il follow up dei pazienti HIV positivi

As proviral human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA can replenish and revive viral infection upon attivation, its analysis, in addition to RNA viral load, could be considered a useful marker during the follow-up of infected individuals, to evaluate reservoir status, especially in HAART-treated patients when RNA viral load is undetectable by current techniques and the antiretroviral efficacy of new, more potent therapeutic regimens. Standardized methods for the measurement of the two most significant forms of proviral DNA, total and non-integrated, are currently lacking, despite the widespread of molecular biology techniques. In this study, total and 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA proviral load, in addition to RNA viral load, CD4 cell count and serological parameters, were determined by quantitative analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in naïve or subsequently HAART-treated patients with acute HIV-1 infection in order to establish the role of these two DNA proviral forms in the course of HIV infection. The study demonstrated that HAART-treated individuals show a significant decrease in both total and 2-LTR circular HIV-1 DNA proviral load compared with naïve patients: these findings confirm that HIV-1 reservoir decay correlates with therapeutic effectiveness. The persistence of small amounts of 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA form, which is considered to be a molecular determinant of infectivity, in PBMC from some patients demonstrates that a small rate of replication is retained even when HAART is substantially effective: HAART could not eradicate completely the infection because HIV is able to replicate at low levels. Plasma-based viral RNA assays may fail to demonstrate the full extent of viral activity. In conclusion, the availability of a new standardized assay to determine DNA proviral load will be important in assessing the true extent of virological suppression suggesting that its quantification may be an important parameter in monitoring HIV infection.

Studio degli aplogruppi mitocondriali nei pazienti con narcocataplessia

La narcolessia è un disturbo del sonno disabilitante caratterizzato da eccessiva sonnolenza diurna associata a disturbi del sonno REM che si manifestano con cataplessia (improvvisa perdita del tono muscolare scatenata da forti emozioni), paralisi del sonno (all’addormentamento o al risveglio) e allucinazioni ipnagogiche. Al momento attuale sono in corso studi di genome-wide solo sul genoma nucleare, l'unico ulteriore materiale genetico non indagato finora per una eventuale predisposizione genetica multifattoriale alla narcolessia è il genoma mitocondriale, che, a causa della sua variabilità, possiede un potenziale ruolo protettivo/predisponente nell’ambito di diverse malattie neurodegenerative, metaboliche ed infettive. Come obiettivo della tesi si propone la ricerca di eventuali polimorfismi sul DNA mitocondriale in grado di agire come fattori di suscettibilità/protezione nei confronti della narcolessia e di confermare quindi l’importante legame tra metabolismo bioenergetico, beta ossidazione e narcolessia. In particolare, vista la già nota capacità degli aplogruppi mitocondriali di modulare l’espressione di diverse malattie neurodegenerative, sono stati identificati i principali aplogruppi mitocondriali in un campione di pazienti con narcolessia successivamente confrontati con una popolazione di controllo per cercare eventuali differenze di distribuzione statisticamente significative tra le due popolazioni. I risultati presentati in questo studio completano con l’analisi del DNA mitocondriale i precedenti studi “genome wide”. L’assenza di associazione statisticamente significativa tra aplogruppi mitocondriali e narcolessia non esclude ancora il ruolo che la variabilità genetica del DNA mitocondriale può giocare nella patogenesi della narcolessia. La definitiva esclusione può essere conclusa solo espandendo la coorte dei pazienti studiati e considerando possibilmente origini etnico-geografiche diverse.