L'insediamento medievale tra storia e archeologia: dal saltopiano al vicariato di galleria (IX-XIV secolo)

La tesi si pone come finalità quella di analizzare un comprensorio territoriale dal punto di vista insediativo, cercando di coglierne le peculiarità e i mutamenti nel lungo periodo attraverso un uso incrociato di fonti scritte e archeologiche. La ricerca ha preso avvio dall’analisi del Saltopiano, uno dei distretti di ambito rurale che si ritrova nelle fonti tra IX-XII secolo, in passato già affrontato dalla storiografia specialmente in relazione all’organizzazione istituzionale delle aree rurali tra Longobardia e Romania durante i secoli altomedievali. Attraverso l’esame delle fonti scritte edite si è cercato di ricostruire il quadro dell’organizzazione territoriale, partendo dalla disamina dei centri di potere laici ed ecclesiastici che a questa area avevano rivolto il proprio interesse patrimoniale e politico, ma proponendo in modo analitico i dati che forniscono indicazioni dirette in relazione all’organizzazione insediativa e quindi alla gestione del territorio dal punto di vista socioeconomico. E’ stato posto in risalto il carattere di un insediamento rurale a maglie larghe, secondo la scansione in fundi e la presenza di poli di accentramento importanti come pievi, castra, vici e con una compresenza, per quanto ristretta a pochi esempi significativi, di altre forme di organizzazione come la curtis e la massa. Con la prosecuzione dello studio del territorio in senso diacronico, prima la scomparsa del riferimento al Saltopiano, poi la progressiva conquista del contado da parte del Comune di Bologna ha determinato un vero e proprio mutamento nell’approccio di analisi. E’ stato dato spazio all’analisi di fondi inediti (conservati principalmente all’Archivio di Stato di Bologna) e specificamente legati alla realtà territoriale studiata. In primo luogo, sono stati esaminati gli estimi del contado (Galliera e Massumatico), una fonte già frequentata in passato da altri studiosi, soprattutto con un interesse dal punto di vista demografico e economico. Nel caso specifico, sono stati estrapolati dalle prime rilevazioni fiscali del 1235 e del 1245 e poi da quelle di primo Trecento i dati che restituiscono l’organizzazione del territorio in modo concreto. Partendo dalle riflessioni di studi svolti in passato, che avevano considerato il fondamentale inserimento di importanti famiglie cittadine nella gestione sempre più ampia dei beni agricoli nel contado è stata avviata l’analisi di un altro fondo inedito, quello dei registri del Vicariato di Galliera (in particolare quelli concernenti la denuncia dei “danni dati” sulle proprietà agricole), da cui emerge in modo evidente la presenza di famiglie come i Guastavillani, i Caccianemici, i Lambertini. Tali dati, in associazione a quelli tratti dagli estimi, hanno fornito elementi essenziali per la comprensione del territorio rurale nel suo complesso e nei rapporti di interdipendenza tra le diverse componenti sociali. Una terza parte della tesi è dedicata nella sua totalità all’analisi delle fonti materiali che forniscono dati per lo studio dell’insediamento medievale nel territorio compreso tra gli attuali comuni di S. Pietro in Casale e Galliera. Partendo da alcune ricerche preliminari compiute negli anni ’90 del secolo scorso, è stato impostato un progetto di ricerca archeologica articolatosi in due campagne di ricognizione di superficie e in una prima campagna di scavo tramite sondaggio presso la torre di Galliera, al fine di ricavare dati di prima mano in un’area pressoché inesplorata dal punto di vista archeologico. Nonostante i limiti riscontrati dal punto di vista pratico, a causa del terreno fortemente alluvionato, si sono raccolti dati specifici che aiutano a inquadrare questo comprensorio e a confrontarlo con altre aree della regione e in particolare del comitato bolognese studiate in ricerche analoghe, mettendone in evidenza le specificità e le caratterizzazioni. Inoltre, alcune importanti persistenze materiali (un sistema di torri di cui rimangono alcuni esempi ancora conservati in alzato) hanno permesso di gettare luce sul valore commerciale e quindi strategico dell’area, soprattutto in funzione del passaggio delle merci lungo una via fluviale fondamentale tra XIII-XIV secolo nel collegare Ferrara a Bologna.

Evidenze micropaleontologiche e sedimentologiche di cicli deposizionali e climatici circa millenari nei Depositi Tardoquaternari della Piana dell'Arno e del Delta del Po

A multidisciplinary study was carried out on the Late Quaternary-Holocene subsurface deposits of two Mediterranean coastal areas: Arno coastal plain (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea) and Modern Po Delta (Northern Adriatic Sea). Detailed facies analyses, including sedimentological and micropalaeontological (benthic foraminifers and ostracods) investigations, were performed on nine continuously-cored boreholes of variable depth (ca. from 30 meters to100 meters). Six cores were located in the Arno coastal plain and three cores in the Modern Po Delta. To provide an accurate chronological framework, twenty-four organic-rich samples were collected along the fossil successions for radiocarbon dating (AMS 14C). In order to reconstruct the depositional and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the study areas, core data were combined with selected well logs, provided by local companies, along several stratigraphic sections. These sections revealed the presence of a transgressive-regressive (T-R) sequence, composing of continental, coastal and shallow-marine deposits dated to the Late Pleistocene-Holocene period, beneath the Arno coastal plain and the Modern Po Delta. Above the alluvial deposits attributed to the last glacial period, the post-glacial transgressive succession (TST) consists of back-barrier, transgressive barrier and inner shelf deposits. Peak of transgression (MFS) took place around the Late-Middle Holocene transition and was identified by subtle micropalaeontological indicators within undifferentiated fine-grained deposits. Upward a thick prograding succession (HST) records the turnaround to regressive conditions that led to a rapid delta progradation in both study areas. Particularly, the outbuilding of modern-age Po Delta coincides with mud-belt formation during the late HST (ca. 600 cal yr BP), as evidenced by a fossil microfauna similar to the foraminiferal assemblage observed in the present Northern Adriatic mud-belt. A complex interaction between allocyclic and autocyclic factors controlled facies evolution during the highstand period. The presence of local parameters and the absence of a predominant factor prevent from discerning or quantifying consequences of the complex relationships between climate and deltaic evolution. On the contrary transgressive sedimentation seems to be mainly controlled by two allocyclic key factors, sea-level rise and climate variability, that minimized the effects of local parameters on coastal palaeoenvironments. TST depositional architecture recorded in both study areas reflects a well-known millennial-scale variability of sea-level rising trend and climate during the Late glacial-Holocene period. Repeated phases of backswamp development and infilling by crevasse processes (parasequences) were recorded in the subsurface of Modern Po Delta during the early stages of transgression (ca. 11,000-9,500 cal yr BP). In the Arno coastal plain the presence of a deep-incised valley system, probably formed at OSI 3/2 transition, led to the development of a thick (ca. 35-40 m) transgressive succession composed of coastal plain, bay-head delta and estuarine deposits dated to the Last glacial-Early Holocene period. Within the transgressive valley fill sequence, high-resolution facies analyses allowed the identification and lateral tracing of three parasequences of millennial duration. The parasequences, ca. 8-12 meters thick, are bounded by flooding surfaces and show a typical internal shallowing-upward trend evidenced by subtle micropalaeontological investigations. The vertical stacking pattern of parasequences shows a close affinity with the step-like sea-level rising trend occurred between 14,000-8,000 cal years BP. Episodes of rapid sea-level rise and subsequent stillstand phases were paralleled by changes in climatic conditions, as suggested by pollen analyses performed on a core drilled in the proximal section of the Arno palaeovalley (pollen analyses performed by Dr. Marianna Ricci Lucchi). Rapid shifts to warmer climate conditions accompanied episodes of rapid sea-level rise, in contrast stillstand phases occurred during temporary colder climate conditions. For the first time the palaeoclimatic signature of high frequency depositional cycles is clearly documented. Moreover, two of the three "regressive" pulsations, recorded at the top of parasequences by episodes of partial estuary infilling in the proximal and central portions of Arno palaeovalley, may be correlated with the most important cold events of the post-glacial period: Younger Dryas and 8,200 cal yr BP event. The stratigraphic and palaeoclimatic data of Arno coastal plain and Po Delta were compared with those reported for the most important deltaic and coastal systems in the worldwide literature. The depositional architecture of transgressive successions reflects the strong influence of millennial-scale eustatic and climatic variability on worldwide coastal sedimentation during the Late glacial-Holocene period (ca. 14,000-7,000 cal yr BP). The most complete and accurate record of high-frequency eustatic and climatic events are usually found within the transgressive succession of very high accommodation settings, such as incised-valley systems where exceptionally thick packages of Late glacial-Early Holocene deposits are preserved.

Infiammazione e cancro: l'interazione COX-2/CA-IX promuove il potenziale invasivo e la sopravvivenza in ipossia delle cellule del cancro colon-rettale

Cyclooxygenase-2/Carbonic anhydrase-IX up-regulation promotes invasive potential and hypoxia survival in colorectal cancer cells Purpose: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a major mediator of inflammation, playing a pivotal role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Hypoxia is an universal hallmark of solid tumour in vivo. This investigation was prompted by the observation that in colorectal cancer cells the expression of COX-2 protein is positively correlated with that of the hypoxia survival gene Carbonic Anhydrase-IX (CA-IX). Experimental Design: Since COX-2 gene expression and activity is increased in hypoxia, and that CA-IX is expressed also in normoxia in colorectal cancer cells, we tested the hypothesis that COX-2 activity in normoxia, as well as in hypoxia may be functionally linked to that of CA-IX gene. We investigated the role of COX-2 and CA-IX in colorectal cancer cell lines. In this regard, we performed RNA interference to knockdown COX-2 gene in vitro and immunohistochemistry to evaluate the protein expression of COX-2 and CA-IX in human colon cancer tissue specimens ex vivo. Results: We found that COX-2, by PGE2 production, controls CA-IX gene expression in an ERK dependent manner. In line with this finding, we also showed that the COX-2 inhibition by a specific short harpin COX-2 RNA (shCOX-2) or by a specific drug (SC-236), down-regulated CA-IX expression in colon cancer cells. We then exposed colon cancer cells to hypoxia stimuli and found that COX-2/CA-IX interplay promoted hypoxia survival. Moreover, we also report that COX-2/CA-IX interplay triggers Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/9 (MMP-2/9) activation and enhances the invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells. Thus given our above observations, we found that CA-IX and COX-2 protein expressions correlate with more aggressive stage colorectal cancer tissues ex vivo. Conclusions: Taken together these data indicate that COX-2/CA-IX interplay promotes an aggressive phenotype (hypoxia survival and invasiveness) which can be modulated in vitro by COX-2 selective inhibition and which may play a role in determining the biological aggressiveness of colorectal tumours. Moreover, in vitro and ex vivo data also suggest that the signatures of inflammation (COX-2) and hypoxia (CA-IX) may be difficult to be disentangled in colon cancer, being both responsible for the up-regulation of the same pathways.

Studio analitico della cultura materiale fra VII e IX secolo d.C. nella Regione di Samarcanda (Uzbekistan): analisi morfo-tipologica, produzione e commercio della ceramica di Kafir Kala

Kafir Kala is a key-site to understand the historical dynamics of the Samarkand Region in the Early Middle Ages (5th - 8th centuries CE). The site is clearly associated with a Sogdian occupation, as both literature and archaeological research testify. But the chronological phase that follows the Sogdian period, as the Islamic occupation became stable, is still little known. Structures and finds (an hoard of 133 silver coins, in particular) clearly testify a new occupation of some parts of the citadel; and some rooms, dug in the northern side of it, present structures and materials connected with an Islamic activity. The study of material culture from these rooms, and from more ancient contexts, will help to understand the eventual continuity of traditions and the new productions. Besides the citadel, as a matter of fact, also some kilns have been dug, near the main site. Their material culture is very interesting because it represents an example of the typical Sogdian production (ceramics covered with white mica, and stamped). The work on the ceramic material has consisted in cataloguing and classifying all the diagnostics. Three main morphological classes have been individuated: cooking, coarse and table ware), and some other ones (lamps, ossuaries). A catalogue of the finds organized them in a typological system based on their morphology, function, fabric, and eventually decoration style. Crossing the stratigraphical data with information from this typological study, it has been possible to provide a chronological arrangement of the sites investigated by the italo-uzbek archaeological mission from 2001 to 2008.

Le campagne di Piacenza tra VII e IX secolo: insediamenti e comunità

Al centro della seguente ricerca c'è il Piacentino, ossia il territorio che faceva capo alla città di Placentia in età altomedievale, più precisamente tra VII e IX secolo. L'aspetto su cui è concentrata l’analisi è quello dell’insediamento, rapportando le forme insediative alle comunità rurali e alle strutture del potere. Il Piacentino costituisce un contesto particolare, sia per la vicinanza alla capitale Pavia, sia per la presenza di enti patrimoniali molto importanti, quale il monastero di Bobbio, sia per l'estensione di vallate appenniniche che ne hanno protetto l'isolamento e impedito, fino al secolo IX inoltrato, l'insediamento di una forte aristocrazia. Ciò che sembra dedursi dall’analisi della documentazione (informatizzata) di VIII, ma soprattutto di IX secolo, è che la civitas di Piacenza, sede del conte e centro della diocesi, non costituiva di fatto il punto di riferimento per gli abitanti dell’intero territorio rurale. Dal punto di vista del possesso fondiario molti insediamenti erano autonomi. Ciò vale soprattutto per i siti di alcune zone collinari e per quelli dell’Appennino, mentre il discorso è da porsi in modo più sfumato per la pianura e per la zona dei prata vel campanea Placentina, ubicati immediatamente al di fuori della civitas. Lo studio della media e grande proprietà fondiaria ha permesso di registrare la frammentarietà dei possedimenti, ossia la loro dispersione nel sistema insediativo del comitato, la loro ubicazione e l’articolato intreccio proprietario, che in alcune zone sembra avere permesso l’esistenza di comunità locali piuttosto forti. L’attento esame della documentazione e il sicuro rimando alla bibliografia di riferimento hanno portato a risultati originali e significativi.

Chemistry of aerosol particles and fog droplets during fall-winter season in the Po Valley

Air quality represents a key issue in the so-called pollution “hot spots”: environments in which anthropogenic sources are concentrated and dispersion of pollutants is limited. One of these environments, the Po Valley, normally experiences exceedances of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration limits, especially in winter when the ventilation of the lower layers of the atmosphere is reduced. This thesis provides a highlight of the chemical properties of particulate matter and fog droplets in the Po Valley during the cold season, when fog occurrence is very frequent. Fog-particles interactions were investigated with the aim to determine their impact on the regional air quality. Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected in Bologna, urban site, and San Pietro Capofiume (SPC), rural site, during two campaigns (November 2011; February 2013) in the frame of Supersito project. The comparison between particles size-distribution and chemical composition in both sites showed the relevant contribution of the regional background and secondary processes in determining the Po Valley aerosol concentration. Occurrence of fog in November 2011 campaign in SPC allowed to investigate the role of fog formation and fog chemistry in the formation, processing and deposition of PM10. Nucleation scavenging was investigated with relation to the size and the chemical composition of particles. We found that PM1 concentration is reduced up to 60% because of fog scavenging. Furthermore, aqueous-phase secondary aerosol formation mechanisms were investigated through time-resolved measurements. In SPC fog samples have been systematically collected and analysed since the nineties; a 20 years long database has been assembled. This thesis reports for the first time the results of this long time series of measurements, showing a decrease of sulphate and nitrate concentration and an increase of pH that reached values close to neutrality. A detailed discussion about the occurred changes in fog water composition over two decades is presented.

Origin and variability of PM10 and atmospheric radiotracers at the WMO-GAW station of Mt. Cimone (1998-2011) and in the central Po Valley

Particulate matter is one of the main atmospheric pollutants, with a great chemical-environmental relevance. Improving knowledge of the sources of particulate matter and of their apportionment is needed to handle and fulfill the legislation regarding this pollutant, to support further development of air policy as well as air pollution management. Various instruments have been used to understand the sources of particulate matter and atmospheric radiotracers at the site of Mt. Cimone (44.18° N, 10.7° E, 2165 m asl), hosting a global WMO-GAW station. Thanks to its characteristics, this location is suitable investigate the regional and long-range transport of polluted air masses on the background Southern-Europe free-troposphere. In particular, PM10 data sampled at the station in the period 1998-2011 were analyzed in the framework of the main meteorological and territorial features. A receptor model based on back trajectories was applied to study the source regions of particulate matter. Simultaneous measurements of atmospheric radionuclides Pb-210 and Be-7 acquired together with PM10 have also been analysed to acquire a better understanding of vertical and horizontal transports able to affect atmospheric composition. Seasonal variations of atmospheric radiotracers have been studied both analysing the long-term time series acquired at the measurement site as well as by means of a state-of-the-art global 3-D chemistry and transport model. Advection patterns characterizing the circulation at the site have been identified by means of clusters of back-trajectories. Finally, the results of a source apportionment study of particulate matter carried on in a midsize town of the Po Valley (actually recognised as one of the most polluted European regions) are reported. An approach exploiting different techniques, and in particular different kinds of models, successfully achieved a characterization of the processes/sources of particulate matter at the two sites, and of atmospheric radiotracers at the site of Mt. Cimone.

Paleosol-based stratigraphy of late Quaternary deposits from the Po basin, between Bologna and the Po river (Northern Italy)

Stratigraphic studies carried out over the last decades in Italy and elsewhere testify a growing interest in Quaternary deposits and in the influence of climate change on their architecture. The subsurface of the Po Plain, in its topmost portion, is made up of alluvial deposits organized in depositional cycles at different scales. This PhD thesis provides millennial-scale stratigraphic reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits beneath the southern Po Plain, based on basin-scale correlation of laterally-extensive buried soil horizons. Far from the aim of characterizing palaeosols from a mineralogical and geochemical point of view, we focused on the physical and stratigraphic significance of these horizons. In the Bologna urban area, which hosts an abundance of stratigraphic data, the correlation between seventeen continuously-cored boreholes led to the identification of five vertically-stacked palaeosol-bounded sequences within the 14C time window. In a wide portion of the alluvial plain north of Bologna, far away from the Apenninic margin and from the Po River, where subsurface stratigraphic architecture is dominated by markedly lenticular sediment bodies, palaeosols revealed to be the only stratigraphic marker of remarkable lateral continuity. These horizons are characterized by peculiar resistance values, which make them easily identifiable via pocket penetration tests. Palaeosols reveal specific geometric relationships with the associated alluvial facies associations, allowing reliable estimates of soil development as a function of alluvial dynamics. With the aid of sixty new radiocarbon dates, a reliable age attribution and likely time intervals of exposure were assigned to each palaeosol. Vertically-stacked palaeosols delimitate short-term depositional cycles, likely related to the major episodes of climatic change of the last 40 ky. Through integration of stratigraphic data with 750 archaeological reports from the Bologna area, the impact of human settlements on depositional and pedogenic processes during the late Holocene was investigated.